{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T21:08:20Z","timestamp":1793480900226,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":389,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]],"date-time":"2021-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Schistosomiasis is a common neglected tropical disease of impoverished people and livestock in many developing countries in tropical Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and Latin America. Substantial progress has been made in controlling schistosomiasis in some African countries, but the disease still prevails in most parts of sub-Saharan Africa with an estimated 800 million people at risk of infection. Current control strategies rely primarily on treatment with praziquantel, as no vaccine is available; however, treatment alone does not prevent reinfection. There has been emphasis on the use of integrated approaches in the control and elimination of the disease in recent years with the development of health infrastructure and health education. However, there is a need to evaluate the present status of African schistosomiasis, primarily caused by Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium, and the factors affecting the disease as the basis for developing more effective control and elimination strategies in the future. This review provides an historical perspective of schistosomiasis in Africa and discusses the current status of control efforts in those countries where the disease is endemic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed6030109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]],"date-time":"2021-06-22T22:10:59Z","timestamp":1624399859000},"page":"109","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":197,"title":["Schistosomiasis with a Focus on Africa"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8746-4796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oyime Poise","family":"Aula","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4006, Australia"},{"name":"Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane 4006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6443-1449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donald P.","family":"McManus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malcolm K.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Queensland, Gatton 4343, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1509-5220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine A.","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2019, March 01). 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