{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T08:22:48Z","timestamp":1793780568567,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]],"date-time":"2021-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23 HD095778"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23 HD095778"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 AI 045008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 AI 045008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Adolescents and young adults (AYA, ages 10\u201324 years) comprise a uniquely important but understudied population in global efforts to end tuberculosis (TB), the leading infectious cause of death by a single agent worldwide prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. While TB prevention and care strategies often overlook AYA by grouping them with either children or adults, AYA have particular physiologic, developmental, and social characteristics that require dedicated approaches. This review describes current evidence on the prevention and control of TB among AYA, including approaches to TB screening, dynamics of TB transmission among AYA, and management challenges within the context of unique developmental needs. Challenges are considered for vulnerable groups of AYA such as migrants and refugees; AYA experiencing homelessness, incarceration, or substance use; and AYA living with HIV. We outline areas for needed research and implementation strategies to address TB among AYA globally.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed6030148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]],"date-time":"2021-08-05T21:43:53Z","timestamp":1628199833000},"page":"148","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Tuberculosis in Adolescents and Young Adults: Emerging Data on TB Transmission and Prevention among Vulnerable Young People"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2737-1093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine M.","family":"Laycock","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8390-5881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leslie A.","family":"Enane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew P.","family":"Steenhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"},{"name":"Global Health Center, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19146, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1702352","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02352-2017","article-title":"The Incidence of Tuberculosis among Adolescents and Young Adults: A Global Estimate","volume":"51","author":"Snow","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. 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