{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T07:06:51Z","timestamp":1791875211703,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,10]],"date-time":"2021-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) are two among the numerous forms of infections whose clinical degeneration, morbidity\u2013mortality and low immune responsiveness in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are highly evident. Co-infection of HIV with HBV and HCV has been associated with reduced survival, increased risk of progression to liver diseases and increased risk of hepatotoxicity associated with antiretroviral therapy (ARV). We carried out biochemical, immunological, virological and clinical analysis of hepatitis B and C positive HIV patients as well as some HIV positive individuals receiving antiretroviral therapy in Kumba Health District to evaluate the immune response to the ARV therapy and identified risk factors associated with the treatment outcomes. A total of 52 HIV patients, 36 HIV\/HBV and 12 HIV\/HCV patients were involved in this study. We performed CD4 counts, viral load test, analyzed ALAT\/ASAT, albumin, bilirubin, and creatinine and measured the weights of HIV patients, HIV\/HBV and HIV\/HCV enrolled for not more than one year in Kumba Health District. The results were analyzed to evaluate the immune response and possible risk factors associated with the treatment outcomes. The mean increase in weight in participants of all groups over 12 months (17.12 kg) was greater than the mean increase in CD4 (8.92 cell\/mm3). However, the mean decrease in viral loads over a 12 months was also very high (1035.17 copies\/mL). There was a significant change in the mean values from baseline for all the three variables (p &lt; 0.0001). HIV disease outcomes following HAART (high active antiretroviral therapy) do not appear to be adversely affected by HBV or HCV co-infection, except for slightly poorer CD4 count responses in HIV\/HCV co-infected patients. Concerning the renal and liver functions, all the biomarkers witnessed a decrease in patients of all groups in response to HAART over time, with a more rapid decrease in mono-infected patients as compared with those co-infected with HBV but the case was contrary for those co-infected with HCV. Co-infection with HBV or HCV was relatively common among HIV infected participants in Kumba Health District. There were differences in response to HAART between the mono-infected compared with the co-infected, taking into consideration the weight, CD4 count, and viral load. In addition, there was also a variation in the different biomarkers of liver and renal function between mono-infected and co-infected patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed6030150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,10]],"date-time":"2021-08-10T08:57:14Z","timestamp":1628585834000},"page":"150","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The Effect of HBV\/HCV in Response to HAART in HIV Patients after 12 Months in Kumba Health District in the South West Region of Cameroon"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Adamu Ndongho","family":"Ndifontiayong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Microbiology and Antimicrobial Substances, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang P.O. Box 67, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1112-6376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Innocent Mbulli","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Microbiology and Antimicrobial Substances, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang P.O. Box 67, Cameroon"},{"name":"Laboratory for Public Health Research Biotechnologies, The Biotechnology Centre, University of Yaound\u00e9 1, Yaound\u00e9 P.O. Box 8094, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4189-0604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean Baptiste","family":"Sokoudjou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Microbiology and Antimicrobial Substances, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang P.O. Box 67, Cameroon"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement des Sciences Appliqu\u00e9es \u00e0 la Sant\u00e9, Institut Universitaire et Strat\u00e9gique de l\u2019Estuaire (IUEs\/Insam), Douala BP 4100, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerimiah Mbogwe","family":"Ndimumeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Microbiology and Antimicrobial Substances, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang P.O. Box 67, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher Bonglavnyuy","family":"Tume","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Microbiology and Antimicrobial Substances, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang P.O. Box 67, Cameroon"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Bamenda, Bamenda 00237, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61682-2","article-title":"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990\u20132013: A systematic analysis for the global Burden of disease study 2013","volume":"385","author":"Naghavi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-014-0145-y","article-title":"Liver cirrhosis mortality in 187 countries between 1980 and 2010: A systematic analysis","volume":"12","author":"Mokdad","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Highleyman, L. (2010, January 16\u201319). 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