{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T19:31:35Z","timestamp":1778182295986,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,24]],"date-time":"2021-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632441600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005790","name":"Thammasat University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["002\/2563"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["002\/2563"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005790","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Reserach Council of Thailand","award":["820\/2563"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["820\/2563"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polymorphisms of the genes encoding proteins involved in immune functions and the binding of malaria parasites to human host cells have been the focus of research in recent years, aiming to understand malaria pathogenesis and case severity and to exploit this knowledge to assert control over malaria. This study investigated the genetic diversity of the human host genes encoding proteins that are involved in immune functions and malaria parasite binding, i.e., MCP1 (\u22122518), TGF\u03b21 (\u2212509), TNF\u03b1 (\u2212308), IL4 (VNTR), IL6 (\u2212174), IL10 (\u22123575), TLR4 (299), CD36 (\u2212188), and ICAM1 (469) in patients with mono-infection of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections in the multidrug-resistant areas along the Thai-Myanmar border. The association between gene polymorphisms and parasite density was also investigated. Genomic DNA (gDNA) of P. falciparum and P. vivax were extracted from whole blood and dried blood spot (DBS). Gene amplification and genotyping were performed by PCR and PCR-RFLP analysis, respectively. Of these samples, 178 and 209 samples were, respectively, mono-infection with P. falciparum and P. vivax. The ratio of P. falciparum: P. vivax was 46%:54%. Results showed marked variation in the frequency distribution and patterns of the genotypes and gene alleles of the nine immune response genes or human host genes. The SNPs of TGF\u03b21, IL10 and ICAM1, were significantly associated with P. falciparum, but not P. vivax parasite density. TGF\u03b21, IL10 and ICAM1, may play more significant roles in modulating P. falciparum than P. vivax parasitemia. The prevalence of the genotypes and gene alleles of these genes, including their association with parasite density, may vary depending on patient ethnicity and endemic areas. Information obtained from each endemic area is essential for treatment strategies and the development of vaccines for malaria prophylaxis in specific areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed6040174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T23:08:31Z","timestamp":1632784111000},"page":"174","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Genetic Diversity of Human Host Genes Involved in Immune Response and the Binding of Malaria Parasite in Patients Residing along the Thai-Myanmar border"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Kridsada","family":"Sirisabhabhorn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Bioclinical Sciences, Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University (Rangsit Campus), Pathumthani 12121, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3720-3878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wanna","family":"Chaijaroenkul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Bioclinical Sciences, Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University (Rangsit Campus), Pathumthani 12121, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Pharmacology and Molecular Biology of Malaria and Cholangiocarcinoma, Thammasat University (Rangsit Campus), Pathumthani 12121, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kesara","family":"Na-Bangchang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Bioclinical Sciences, Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University (Rangsit Campus), Pathumthani 12121, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Pharmacology and Molecular Biology of Malaria and Cholangiocarcinoma, Thammasat University (Rangsit Campus), Pathumthani 12121, Thailand"},{"name":"Drug Discovery and Development Center, Office of Advanced Science and Technology, Thammasat University (Rangsit Campus), Pathumthani 12121, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2018). World Malaria Report 2018, World Health Organisation."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2014). Severe malaria. Trop. Med. Int. Health, 19, 7\u2013131.","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12313_2"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.4103\/tp.TP_2_19","article-title":"Clinical spectrum of Plasmodium vivax infection, from benign to severe malaria: A tertiary care prospective study in adults from Delhi, India","volume":"9","author":"Mathews","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trop. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mackinnon, M.J., Mwangi, T.W., Snow, R.W., Marsh, K., and Williams, T.N. (2005). Heritability of malaria in Africa. PLoS Med., 2.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0020340"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-263","article-title":"Identification of resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to artesunate-mefloquine combination in an area along the Thai-Myanmar border: Integration of clinico-parasitological response, systemic drug exposure, and in vitro parasite sensitivity","volume":"12","author":"Muhamad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2016.01.021","article-title":"Association of ICAM-1 (K469E) and MCP-1-2518 A > G gene polymorphism with brain abscess","volume":"292","author":"Mishra","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"189","article-title":"Nested PCR analysis of Plasmodium parasites","volume":"72","author":"Snounou","year":"2002","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2010). Basic Malaria Microscopy: Tutor\u2019s Guide, WHO Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"28","article-title":"Distribution of TGF-\u03b21 C-509T polymorphism in Thai population","volume":"24","author":"Vechvongvan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Med. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2006.09.008","article-title":"Transforming growth factor-beta1 polymorphisms, airway responsiveness and lung function decline in smokers","volume":"101","author":"Ogawa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.68.186","article-title":"Human genetic polymorphisms and asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Gabonese schoolchildren","volume":"68","author":"Mombo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1086\/644600","article-title":"Genetic Evidence for the Aggravation ofPlasmodium falciparumMalaria by Interleukin 4","volume":"200","author":"Cabantous","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3763","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/19.13.3763","article-title":"Repeat polymorphisms in the interleukin-4 gene (IL4)","volume":"19","author":"Mout","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-278","article-title":"DDX39B (BAT1), TNF and IL6 gene polymorphisms and association with clinical outcomes of patients with Plasmodium vivax malaria","volume":"13","author":"Souza","year":"2014","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2011.01.005","article-title":"Role of interleukin-6-174 G\/C promoter polymorphism in trace metal levels of autopsy kidney and liver tissues","volume":"214","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1590\/s1678-9946201658030","article-title":"Preliminary report on the putative association of IL10 -3575 T\/A genetic polymorphism with malaria symptoms","volume":"58","author":"Domingues","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao. Paulo."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s41021-015-0002-z","article-title":"Toll-like receptor (TLR4) Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile polymorphisms in relation to clinical falciparum malaria among Nigerian children: A multisite cross-sectional immunogenetic study in Lagos","volume":"37","author":"Iwalokun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genes Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1015","article-title":"Malaria susceptibility and CD36 mutation","volume":"405","author":"Aitman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.5897\/IJMMS2013.1007","article-title":"A Cd36 polymorphism associated with eight-times increased susceptibility to cerebral malaria in Central Sudan","volume":"6","author":"Babiker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-511X-10-100","article-title":"Association of transforming growth factor-\u03b21 gene C-509T and T869C polymorphisms with atherosclerotic cerebral infarction in the Chinese: A case-control study","volume":"10","author":"Peng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000000729","article-title":"Thrombocytopenia May Mediate Disease Severity in Plasmodium falciparum Malaria Through Reduced Transforming Growth Factor Beta-1 Regulation of Proinflammatory and Anti- inflammatory Cytokines","volume":"34","author":"Hanisch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/8.1.93","article-title":"Genetic control of the circulating concentration of transforming growth factor type beta1","volume":"8","author":"Grainger","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.158.6.9804011","article-title":"Interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-beta promoter polymorphisms in allergies and asthma","volume":"158","author":"Hobbs","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-006-0194-1","article-title":"A molecular mechanism for the differential regulation of TGF-beta1 expression due to the common SNP-509C-T (c.-1347C > T)","volume":"120","author":"Shah","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)04761-3","article-title":"Malarial anaemia in African children associated with high oxygen-radical production","volume":"355","author":"Greve","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2013.11.001","article-title":"The association of IL-8-251T\/A polymorphism with complicated malaria in Karbi Anglong district of Assam","volume":"65","author":"Mahanta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1086\/315762","article-title":"Reduced interleukin-12 and transforming growth factor-beta1 in severe childhood malaria: Relationship of cytokine balance with disease severity","volume":"182","author":"Perkins","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-018-1646-9","article-title":"Screening and identification of potential novel biomarker for diagnosis of complicated Plasmodium vivax malaria","volume":"16","author":"Kaur","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-264","article-title":"Increased interleukin-10 and interferon-\u03b3 levels in Plasmodium vivax malaria suggest a reciprocal regulation which is not altered by IL-10 gene promoter polymorphism","volume":"10","author":"Medina","year":"2011","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-9-13","article-title":"Severe Plasmodium vivax malaria exhibits marked inflammatory imbalance","volume":"9","author":"Andrade","year":"2010","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfr046","article-title":"Polymorphisms in the TNF-\u03b1 and IL10 gene promoters and risk of arsenic-induced skin lesions and other nondermatological health effects","volume":"121","author":"Banerjee","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3915","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.6.3915","article-title":"Novel single nucleotide polymorphisms in the distal IL-10 promoter affect IL-10 production and enhance the risk of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"166","author":"Gibson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1038\/gene.2013.74","article-title":"Plasmodium genetic loci linked to host cytokine and chemokine responses","volume":"15","author":"Pattaradilokrat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genes Immun."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-008-0578-5","article-title":"Haplotypes of IL-10 promoter variants are associated with susceptibility to severe malarial anemia and functional changes in IL-10 production","volume":"124","author":"Ouma","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-031210-101312","article-title":"Regulation and functions of the IL-10 family of cytokines in inflammation and disease","volume":"29","author":"Ouyang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-1683-5","article-title":"On the cytokine\/chemokine network during Plasmodium vivax malaria: New insights to understand the disease","volume":"16","author":"Pereira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0160","article-title":"Implications of Plasmodium vivax Biology for Control, Elimination, and Research","volume":"95","author":"Olliaro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"114","article-title":"Absence of association between the allele coding methionine at position 29 in the N-terminal domain of ICAM-1 (ICAM-1(Kilifi)) and severe malaria in the northwest of Thailand","volume":"54","author":"Ohashi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1997.57.389","article-title":"Receptor-specific adhesion and clinical disease in Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"57","author":"Newbold","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2001.65.47","article-title":"Binding of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes to soluble platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1\/CD31): Frequent recognition by clinical isolates","volume":"65","author":"Heddini","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-1834-8","article-title":"ICAM-1 is a key receptor mediating cytoadherence and pathology in the Plasmodium chabaudi malaria model","volume":"16","author":"Cunningham","year":"2017","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1038\/gene.2008.38","article-title":"Variation in the ICAM1 gene is not associated with severe malaria phenotypes","volume":"9","author":"Fry","year":"2008","journal-title":"Genes Immun."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001036","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-001036","article-title":"ICAM-1 K469E polymorphism is a genetic determinant for the clinical risk factors of T2D subjects with retinopathy in Indians: A population-based case-control study","volume":"2","author":"Vinita","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/6.8.1357","article-title":"A high frequency African coding polymorphism in the N-terminal domain of ICAM-1 predisposing to cerebral malaria in Kenya","volume":"6","author":"Craig","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1086\/654815","article-title":"On the Cytoadhesion ofPlasmodium vivax\u2013Infected Erythrocytes","volume":"202","author":"Carvalho","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762011000900010","article-title":"On cytoadhesion of Plasmodium vivax: Raison d\u2019\u00eatre?","volume":"106","author":"Costa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-0548-z","article-title":"IL10A genotypic association with decreased IL-10 circulating levels in malaria infected individuals from endemic area of the Brazilian Amazon","volume":"14","author":"Teva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alvarado-Arnez, L.E., Amaral, E.P., Sales-Marques, C., Dur\u00e3es, S.M., Cardoso, C.C., Nunes Sarno, E., Pacheco, A.G., Lana, F.C., and Moraes, M.O. (2015). Association of IL10 Polymorphisms and Leprosy: A Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0136282"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2759","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.170.5.2759","article-title":"Host response to malaria during pregnancy: Placental monocyte recruitment is associated with elevated beta chemokine expression","volume":"170","author":"Abrams","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00475-07","article-title":"Similar cytokine responses and degrees of anemia in patients with Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections in the Brazilian Amazon region","volume":"15","author":"Fernandes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Vac. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2012-0450OC","article-title":"Hemozoin Induces Lung Inflammation and Correlates with Malaria-Associated Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome","volume":"48","author":"Deroost","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2011.04474.x","article-title":"Proinflammatory and regulatory cytokines and chemokines in infants with uncomplicated and severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria","volume":"166","author":"Ayimba","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"678","article-title":"The Relationship between Polymorphisms of Interleukin-4 Gene and Silicosis","volume":"24","author":"Fang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomed. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2013.09.014","article-title":"Role of IL6, IL12B and VDR gene polymorphisms in Plasmodium vivax malaria severity, parasitemia and gametocytemia levels in an Amazonian Brazilian population","volume":"65","author":"Sortica","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0506803102","article-title":"Toll-like receptor (TLR) polymorphisms in African children: Common TLR-4 variants predispose to severe malaria","volume":"103","author":"Mockenhaupt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1086\/590440","article-title":"Variants in the toll-like receptor signaling pathway and clinical outcomes of malaria","volume":"198","author":"Leoratti","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2008.11.015","article-title":"CD36 T188G gene polymorphism and severe falciparum malaria in India","volume":"103","author":"Das","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1086\/346091","article-title":"CD36 polymorphism is associated with protection from cerebral malaria","volume":"72","author":"Omi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Damena, D., Denis, A., Golassa, L., and Chimusa, E.R. (2019). Genome-wide association studies of severe P. falciparum malaria susceptibility: Progress, pitfalls and prospects. BMC Med. Genom., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12920-019-0564-x"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malaria Genomic Epidemiology Network (2019). Insights into malaria susceptibility using genome-wide data on 17,000 individuals from Africa, Asia and Oceania. Nat. Commun., 10, 1.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13480-z"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ravenhall, M., Campino, S., Sep\u00falveda, N., Manjurano, A., Nadjm, B., Mtove, G., Wangai, H., Maxwell, C., Olomi, R., and Reyburn, H. (2018). Novel genetic polymorphisms associated with severe malaria and under selective pressure in North-eastern Tanzania. PLoS Gen., 30.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1007172"}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/6\/4\/174\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:04:29Z","timestamp":1760166269000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/6\/4\/174"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,24]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["tropicalmed6040174"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/tropicalmed6040174","relation":{},"ISSN":["2414-6366"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2414-6366","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,24]]}}}