{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T02:28:58Z","timestamp":1778034538299,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,7]],"date-time":"2022-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011099","name":"Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Internationale Zusammenarbeit","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81219445"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81219445"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011099","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"The CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH)","award":["A4NH"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A4NH"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Trichinellosis and cysticercosis remain challenges to human health and animal productivity worldwide, especially in developing countries. While information on the occurrence of both diseases is infrequent, they are endemic in parts of Vietnam and mainly related to indigenous pigs kept by ethnic minorities. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors of both diseases in indigenous pigs and explore the perception and awareness of both human and pig trichinellosis and cysticercosis of pig farmers. A total of 352 pig sera samples from 131 holdings were collected and analyzed using ELISA antibody tests in six communes in the Da Bac districts of Hoa Binh province, Vietnam. A survey was conducted with representatives from these households to understand the knowledge and perspective on food-borne parasitic diseases. Overall, the seroprevalence of trichinellosis and T. solium cysticercosis was 13.6% (95% CI 10.2\u201317.7) and 1.7% (95% CI 0.6\u20133.7), respectively. The seroprevalence of trichinellosis was significantly higher in female and older pigs. Risk perception and knowledge of interviewed people on both human and pig trichinellosis and cysticercosis of pig farmers was poor. Risky practices, including free roaming of pigs and eating undercooked or fermented pork, were observed. Educational and awareness campaigns aligned with further research on feasible practice changes are critical to addressing these issues.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7040057","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,7]],"date-time":"2022-04-07T22:23:23Z","timestamp":1649370203000},"page":"57","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Seroprevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Trichinellosis and T. Solium Cysticercosis in Indigenous Pigs in Hoa Binh Province, Vietnam"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8978-040X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trang Thi-Huyen","family":"Le","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Livestock Research Institute, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nga","family":"Vu-Thi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0522-7808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sinh","family":"Dang-Xuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Livestock Research Institute, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"},{"name":"Center for Public Health and Ecosystem Research, Hanoi University of Public Health, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1549-2733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hung","family":"Nguyen-Viet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Livestock Research Institute, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Phuc","family":"Pham-Duc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Public Health and Ecosystem Research, Hanoi University of Public Health, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9270-9345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luong","family":"Nguyen-Thanh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Public Health and Ecosystem Research, Hanoi University of Public Health, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ngoc","family":"Pham-Thi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Noh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Mayer-Scholl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, National Laboratory for Trichinella, 10589 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maximilian","family":"Baumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Working Group Meat Hygiene, Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4824-048X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Meemken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Working Group Meat Hygiene, Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fred","family":"Unger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Livestock Research Institute, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) (2019). Infection with Taenia solium (Porcine cysticercosis). Terrestrial Animal Health Code, OIE. Chapter 15.4."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO), and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2014). Multicriteria-Based Ranking for Risk Management of Food-Borne Parasites: Report of a Joint FAO\/WHO Expert Meeting, 3\u20137 September 2012, FAO."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2021, September 10). Parasites\u2014Trichinellosis, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/parasites\/trichinellosis\/disease.html."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"153","article-title":"Are pig parasites a human health risk?","volume":"11","author":"Olson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Adv. Pork Prod."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2021, September 10). Parasites-Cysticercosis, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/parasites\/cysticercosis\/gen_info\/faqs.html."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00026-08","article-title":"Epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and control of trichinellosis","volume":"22","author":"Gottstein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.07.023","article-title":"Risk factors associated with porcine cysticercosis in selected districts of eastern and southern provinces of Zambia","volume":"143","author":"Sikasunge","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(10)72009-1","article-title":"Combating Taenia solium cysticercosis in Southeast Asia","volume":"Volume 72","author":"Willingham","year":"2010","journal-title":"Advances in Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(00)00341-1","article-title":"Trichinellosis: A Worldwide Zoonosis","volume":"93","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(00)00132-6","article-title":"Trichinellosis: The Zoonosis That Won\u2019t Go Quietly","volume":"30","author":"Murrell","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2007.07.002","article-title":"World Distribution of Trichinella spp. Infections in Animals and Humans","volume":"149","author":"Pozio","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3471","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.14.3471","article-title":"Food-Borne Parasitic Zoonosis: Distribution of Trichinosis in Thailand","volume":"14","author":"Kaewpitoon","year":"2008","journal-title":"WJG"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0570","article-title":"Trichinellosis in Vietnam","volume":"92","author":"Pozio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.11.023","article-title":"Seroprevalence of trichinellosis in domestic animals in northwestern Vietnam","volume":"193","author":"De","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"149890","article-title":"The Hidden Burden of Trichinellosis in Vietnam: A Postoutbreak Epidemiological Study","volume":"2013","author":"Trung","year":"2013","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.2.177","article-title":"Proposed Diagnostic Criteria for Neurocysticercosis","volume":"57","author":"Rajshekhar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"397","article-title":"Potential eradicability of taeniasis and cysticercosis","volume":"27","author":"Schantz","year":"1993","journal-title":"Bull. Pan Am. Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.04.007","article-title":"Human tapeworms in north Vietnam","volume":"101","author":"Somers","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2005.01537.x","article-title":"Taenia solium taeniasis and cysticercosis in three communities in north Vietnam","volume":"11","author":"Somers","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2014.52.2.125","article-title":"Current status of taeniasis and cysticercosis in Vietnam","volume":"52","author":"Le","year":"2014","journal-title":"Korean J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"46","article-title":"Result of survey on taeniasis and cysticercosis humans and pigs in Bac Ninh and Bac Kan provinces","volume":"9","author":"Doanh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"76","article-title":"Results of survey on cysticercosis pig in some northern provinces in Vietnam","volume":"6","author":"Doanh","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Malar. Parasite Dis. Control"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"93","article-title":"Taenia solium survey in Hanoi","volume":"6","author":"De","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Malar. Parasite Dis. Control"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2945-y","article-title":"The epidemiology of porcine Taenia solium cysticercosis in communities of the central highlands in Vietnam","volume":"11","author":"Noh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Huan, L.V. (1994). Parasitic Helminths in Pigs in Several Southern Provinces and Preventative Measures, (In Vietnamese)."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"60","article-title":"The correlation between the prevalence of the tapeworm Taenia hydatigena in dogs and their larvae Cysticercus tenuicollis in cattle and pigs-The effect of tapeworm treatment in dogs","volume":"18","author":"Lan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, T., Dermauw, V., Noh, J., Chien, N., Dao, T., Van Hul, A., and Dorny, P. (2020). Occurrence of Taenia species in pigs in slaughterhouses in Phu Tho province, northern Vietnam. J. Helminthol., 94.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X20000863"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pig production in Vietnam\u2014A review","volume":"23","author":"Lemke","year":"2008","journal-title":"CAB Rev. Perspect. Agric. Vet. Sci. Nutr. Nat. Resour."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"GSO (General Statistics Office of Vietnam) (2009). Vietnam Population and Housing Census 2009: Education in Vietnam\u2014An Analysis of Key Indicators."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Lan, P., Jones, N., Thuy, T., and Lyytikainen, M. (2007). Education for All in Vietnam: High Enrolment, but Problems of Quality Remain, University of Oxford."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.03260-13","article-title":"Recombinant protein- and synthetic peptide-based immunoblot test for diagnosis of neurocysticercosis","volume":"52","author":"Noh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/159.1.50","article-title":"An enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot assay and glycoprotein antigens for diagnosing human cysticercosis (Taenia solium)","volume":"159","author":"Tsang","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-2427(91)90053-F","article-title":"Efficacy of the immunoblot assay for cysticercosis in pigs and modulated expression of distinct IgM\/IgG activities to Taenia solium antigens in experimental infections","volume":"29","author":"Tsang","year":"1991","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Bates, D., Maechler, M., Bolker, B., Walker, S., Christensen, R.H.B., Singmann, H., Dai, B., Scheipl, F., Grothendieck, G., and Green, P. (2021, August 08). Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using \u2018Eigen\u2019 and S4. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/lme4\/lme4.pdf."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"45","article-title":"Result of survey and solution for trichinellosis in pigs in Bac yen district, Son La province","volume":"19","author":"Nguyen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.10.024","article-title":"High Prevalence of Anti-Trichinella IgG in Domestic Pigs of the Son La Province, Vietnam","volume":"168","author":"Dorny","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00f6derberg, R., Lindahl, J.F., Henriksson, E., Kroesna, K., Ly, S., Sear, B., Unger, F., Tum, S., Nguyen-Viet, H., and Str\u00f6m Hallenberg, G. (2021). Low Prevalence of Cysticercosis and Trichinella Infection in Pigs in Rural Cambodia. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed6020100"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holt, H.R., Inthavong, P., Khamlome, B., Blaszak, K., Keokamphe, C., Somoulay, V., Phongmany, A., Durr, P., Graham, K., and Allen, J. (2016). Endemicity of Zoonotic Diseases in Pigs and Humans in Lowland and Upland Lao PDR: Identification of Socio-cultural Risk Factors. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003913"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parepi.2017.10.003","article-title":"Seroprevalence and Awareness of Porcine Cysticercosis across Different Pig Production Systems in South-Central Cambodia","volume":"3","author":"Adenuga","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasite Epidemiol. Control"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0106","article-title":"A cross-sectional study of Taenia solium in a multiple taeniid-endemic region reveals competition may be protective","volume":"87","author":"Conlan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340828","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/340828","article-title":"Epidemiological survey on porcine cysticercosis in Nay Pyi Taw area, Myanmar","volume":"2015","author":"Khaing","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2003.11.014","article-title":"A Bayesian Approach for Estimating Values for Prevalence and Diagnostic Test Characteristics of Porcine Cysticercosis","volume":"34","author":"Dorny","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology (NIMPE) (2012). Taeniasis and Cysticercosis. Rev. Work. Helminthiasis Control Act. Period 2006\u20132011 Implement. Work. Period 2012\u20132015."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2085-9","article-title":"A systematic review of taeniasis, cysticercosis and trichinellosis in Vietnam","volume":"10","author":"Stevenson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(06)63005-4","article-title":"Systematics and epidemiology of Trichinella","volume":"Volume 63","author":"Pozio","year":"2006","journal-title":"Advances in Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2017.1347-1352","article-title":"Reducing zoonotic and internal parasite burdens in pigs using a pig confinement system","volume":"10","author":"Agustina","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Lien, N. (2019). Current status of trichinosis (Trichinella spp.) in some northern provinces of Vietnam and the effectiveness of interventions (2015\u20132017). [Ph.D Thesis, National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology]."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conlan, J.V., Vongxay, K., Khamlome, B., Gomez-Morales, M.A., Pozio, E., Blacksell, S.D., Fenwick, S., and Thompson, R.C.A. (2014). Patterns and Risks of Trichinella Infection in Humans and Pigs in Northern Laos. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003034"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"223","article-title":"Cysticercosis in Cambodia, Laos PDR and Vietnam","volume":"35","author":"Dorny","year":"2004","journal-title":"Southest Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.01.010","article-title":"A Trichinellosis outbreak in Borikhamxay Province, Lao PDR","volume":"100","author":"Sayasone","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"76","article-title":"Emergence of Trichinellosis in Tuan Giao District, Dien Bien Province","volume":"6","author":"Nhan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Malar. Parasite Dis. Control"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e79","DOI":"10.1086\/605533","article-title":"Acute Febrile Myalgia in Vietnam Due to Trichinellosis Following the Consumption of Raw Pork","volume":"49","author":"Taylor","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"76","article-title":"Report of an epidemic area of trichinellosis in Tuan Giao district, Lai Chau province","volume":"1","author":"Toan","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Malar. Parasite Dis. Control."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zinsstag, J., Schelling, E., Crump, L., Whittaker, M., Tanner, M., and Stephen, C. (2020). One Health: The Theory and Practice of Integrated Health Approaches, CABI. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1079\/9781789242577.0000"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okello, W.O., Okello, A.L., Inthavong, P., Tiemann, T., Phengsivalouk, A., Devleesschauwer, B., Shaw, A., and Allen, J. (2018). Improved methods to capture the total societal benefits of zoonotic disease control: Demonstrating the cost-effectiveness of an integrated control programme for Taenia solium, soil transmitted helminths and classical swine fever in Northern Lao PDR. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006782"}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/7\/4\/57\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:49:37Z","timestamp":1760136577000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/7\/4\/57"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,7]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["tropicalmed7040057"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/tropicalmed7040057","relation":{},"ISSN":["2414-6366"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2414-6366","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,7]]}}}