{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T20:18:59Z","timestamp":1792009139021,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":150,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]],"date-time":"2022-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655251200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Zika virus (ZIKV) is mosquito-borne flavivirus that caused a significant public health concern in French Polynesia and South America. The two major complications that gained the most media attention during the ZIKV outbreak were Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome (GBS) and microcephaly in newborn infants. The two modes of ZIKV transmission are the vector-borne and non-vector borne modes of transmission. Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are the most important vectors of ZIKV. ZIKV binds to surface receptors on permissive cells that support infection and replication, such as neural progenitor cells, dendritic cells, dermal fibroblasts, retinal pigment epithelial cells, endothelial cells, macrophages, epidermal keratinocytes, and trophoblasts to cause infection. The innate immune response to ZIKV infection is mediated by interferons and natural killer cells, whereas the adaptive immune response is mediated by CD8+T cells, Th1 cells, and neutralizing antibodies. The non-structural proteins of ZIKV, such as non-structural protein 5, are involved in the evasion of the host\u2019s immune defense mechanisms. Ocular manifestations of ZIKV arise from the virus\u2019 ability to cross both the blood\u2013brain barrier and blood-retinal barrier, as well as the blood-aqueous barrier. Most notably, this results in the development of GBS, a rare neurological complication in acute ZIKV infection. This can yield ocular symptoms and signs. Additionally, infants to whom ZIKV is transmitted congenitally develop congenital Zika syndrome (CZS). The ocular manifestations are widely variable, and include nonpurulent conjunctivitis, anterior uveitis, keratitis, trabeculitis, congenital glaucoma, microphthalmia, hypoplastic optic disc, and optic nerve pallor. There are currently no FDA approved therapeutic agents for treating ZIKV infections and, as such, a meticulous ocular examination is an important aspect of the diagnosis. This review utilized several published articles regarding the ocular findings of ZIKV, antiviral immune responses to ZIKV infection, and the pathogenesis of ocular manifestations in individuals with ZIKV infection. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the viral immunology of ZIKV, interactions between ZIKV and the host\u2019s immune defense mechanism, pathological mechanisms, as well as anterior and posterior segment findings associated with ZIKV infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7060106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,19]],"date-time":"2022-06-19T21:19:26Z","timestamp":1655673566000},"page":"106","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Pathogenesis and Manifestations of Zika Virus-Associated Ocular Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Bisant A.","family":"Labib","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pennsylvania College of Optometry, Salus University, Elkins Park, PA 19027, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"DeGaulle I.","family":"Chigbu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pennsylvania College of Optometry, Salus University, Elkins Park, PA 19027, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2017.03.001","article-title":"Zika virus: History, epidemiology, transmission, and clinical presentation","volume":"308","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(52)90043-6","article-title":"Zika virus. II. Pathogenicity and physical properties","volume":"46","author":"Dick","year":"1952","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(52)90042-4","article-title":"Zika virus. I. Isolations and serological specificity","volume":"46","author":"Dick","year":"1952","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.12271.1","article-title":"The immunology of Zika Virus","volume":"7","author":"Culshaw","year":"2018","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2017.06.001","article-title":"Ocular effects of Zika virus-a review","volume":"63","author":"Marquezan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfo.2018.05.002","article-title":"Ocular manifestations of emerging arboviruses: Dengue fever, Chikungunya, Zika virus, West Nile virus, and yellow fever","volume":"41","author":"Merle","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Fran\u00e7ais Ophtalmol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S875","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix396","article-title":"Modes of Transmission of Zika Virus","volume":"216","author":"Gregory","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1602113","article-title":"Zika Virus","volume":"374","author":"Petersen","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2016.06.008","article-title":"Epidemiology of Zika Virus","volume":"34","author":"Younger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01640","article-title":"Evolution of Two Major Zika Virus Lineages: Implications for Pathology, Immune Response, and Vaccine Development","volume":"9","author":"Beaver","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11194","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-09479-5","article-title":"Persistence of Zika virus in conjunctival fluid of convalescence patients","volume":"7","author":"Tan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1610613","article-title":"Fatal Zika Virus Infection with Secondary Nonsexual Transmission","volume":"375","author":"Swaminathan","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barreto-Vieira, D.F., Jacome, F.C., da Silva, M.A.N., Caldas, G.C., de Filippis, A.M.B., de Sequeira, P.C., de Souza, E.M., Andrade, A.A., Manso, P.P.A., and Trindade, G.F. (2017). Structural investigation of C6\/36 and Vero cell cultures infected with a Brazilian Zika virus. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0184397"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.07.020","article-title":"Structural Basis of Zika Virus-Specific Antibody Protection","volume":"166","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01761","article-title":"Recent Perspectives on Genome, Transmission, Clinical Manifestation, Diagnosis, Therapeutic Strategies, Vaccine Developments, and Challenges of Zika Virus Research","volume":"8","author":"Shankar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-016-0935-6","article-title":"Zika virus disease: A current review of the literature","volume":"44","author":"Atif","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sironi, M., Forni, D., Clerici, M., and Cagliani, R. (2016). Nonstructural Proteins Are Preferential Positive Selection Targets in Zika Virus and Related Flaviviruses. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004978"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17994","article-title":"Structure of the thermally stable Zika virus","volume":"533","author":"Kostyuchenko","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2018.07.038","article-title":"Insights into ZIKV-Mediated Innate Immune Responses in Human Dermal Fibroblasts and Epidermal Keratinocytes","volume":"139","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, I., Bos, S., Li, G., Wang, S., Gadea, G., Despres, P., and Zhao, R.Y. (2018). Probing Molecular Insights into Zika Virus\u2013Host Interactions. Viruses, 10.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201804.0063.v1"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.04.024","article-title":"Recurrent Potent Human Neutralizing Antibodies to Zika Virus in Brazil and Mexico","volume":"169","author":"Robbiani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20190013","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-9199-jvatitd-2019-0013","article-title":"Zika virus proteins at an atomic scale: How does structural biology help us to understand and develop vaccines and drugs against Zika virus infection?","volume":"25","author":"Valente","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Venom. Anim. Toxins Incl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2015.03.014","article-title":"The flavivirus NS2B-NS3 protease-helicase as a target for antiviral drug development","volume":"118","author":"Luo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J.K., and Shin, O.S. (2019). Advances in Zika Virus(-)Host Cell Interaction: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20051101"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-019-00588-8","article-title":"Innate immune response in patients with acute Zika virus infection","volume":"208","author":"Moises","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.298216.117","article-title":"How does Zika virus cause microcephaly?","volume":"31","author":"Wen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-017-9736-7","article-title":"Host-Virus Interaction of ZIKA Virus in Modulating Disease Pathogenesis","volume":"12","author":"Routhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S935","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix515","article-title":"Zika Virus Structure, Maturation, and Receptors","volume":"216","author":"Sirohi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-019-00720-7","article-title":"Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 and Zika virus: Tale of two reemerging viruses with neuropathological sequelae of public health concern","volume":"25","author":"Chigbu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4708","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-018-1417-x","article-title":"Zika Virus Infection of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Promotes Differential Expression of Proteins Linked to Several Neurological Diseases","volume":"56","author":"Rosa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8880","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00354-15","article-title":"Biology of Zika Virus Infection in Human Skin Cells","volume":"89","author":"Hamel","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.12.039","article-title":"Role of the complement system in antibody-dependent enhancement of flavivirus infections","volume":"103","author":"Byrne","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00257","article-title":"Complement System Part II: Role in Immunity","volume":"6","author":"Merle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19111","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0605668103","article-title":"West Nile virus nonstructural protein NS1 inhibits complement activation by binding the regulatory protein factor H","volume":"103","author":"Chung","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569549","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.569549","article-title":"Interference of the Zika Virus E-Protein With the Membrane Attack Complex of the Complement System","volume":"11","author":"Malekshahi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01350","article-title":"Zika Virus Non-structural Protein 4A Blocks the RLR-MAVS Signaling","volume":"9","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"aaa2630","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa2630","article-title":"Phosphorylation of innate immune adaptor proteins MAVS, STING, and TRIF induces IRF3 activation","volume":"347","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436.e2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.01.041","article-title":"SnapShot: Pathways of antiviral innate immunity","volume":"140","author":"Sun","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cr.7310019","article-title":"Antiviral innate immunity pathways","volume":"16","author":"Seth","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00022-07","article-title":"Sensing of viral infection and activation of innate immunity by toll-like receptor 3","volume":"21","author":"Vercammen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04369","article-title":"Specificity in Toll-like receptor signalling through distinct effector functions of TRAF3 and TRAF6","volume":"439","author":"Hacker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1604","article-title":"Mechanisms of type-I- and type-II-interferon-mediated signalling","volume":"5","author":"Platanias","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3581","article-title":"Regulation of type I interferon responses","volume":"14","author":"Ivashkiv","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00558-3","article-title":"Natural killer cells in antiviral immunity","volume":"22","author":"Bjorkstrom","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2217","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20210577","article-title":"How dendritic cells sense and respond to viral infections","volume":"135","author":"Marongiu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3152","article-title":"Expanding roles for CD4(+) T cells in immunity to viruses","volume":"12","author":"Swain","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hassert, M., Wolf, K.J., Schwetye, K.E., DiPaolo, R.J., Brien, J.D., and Pinto, A.K. (2018). CD4+T cells mediate protection against Zika associated severe disease in a mouse model of infection. PLoS Pathog., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007237"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0618-z","article-title":"Evolution of the innate and adaptive immune response in women with acute Zika virus infection","volume":"5","author":"Tonnerre","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2015.10","article-title":"The multifaceted role of CD4(+) T cells in CD8(+) T cell memory","volume":"16","author":"Laidlaw","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.12.010","article-title":"Mapping and Role of the CD8(+) T Cell Response During Primary Zika Virus Infection in Mice","volume":"21","author":"Vizcarra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S906","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix513","article-title":"Humoral Immune Responses Against Zika Virus Infection and the Importance of Preexisting Flavivirus Immunity","volume":"216","author":"Priyamvada","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix732","article-title":"Innate, T-, and B-Cell Responses in Acute Human Zika Patients","volume":"66","author":"Lai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3916","article-title":"New insights into the immunopathology and control of dengue virus infection","volume":"15","author":"Screaton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cabral-Miranda, G., Lim, S.M., Mohsen, M.O., Pobelov, I.V., Roesti, E.S., Heath, M.D., Skinner, M.A., Kramer, M.F., Martina, B.E.E., and Bachmann, M.F. (2019). Zika Virus-Derived E-DIII Protein Displayed on Immunologically Optimized VLPs Induces Neutralizing Antibodies without Causing Enhancement of Dengue Virus Infection. Vaccines, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines7030072"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf8505","article-title":"Specificity, cross-reactivity, and function of antibodies elicited by Zika virus infection","volume":"353","author":"Stettler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2017.1294184","article-title":"Zika Virus and the Eye","volume":"26","author":"Agrawal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1603618","article-title":"Uveitis Associated with Zika Virus Infection","volume":"375","author":"Furtado","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2020.5131","article-title":"Association of Anterior Uveitis With Acute Zika Virus Infection in Adults","volume":"139","author":"Troumani","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)32518-1","article-title":"Bilateral posterior uveitis associated with Zika virus infection","volume":"389","author":"Kodati","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.06.039","article-title":"Serologically Confirmed Zika-Related Unilateral Acute Maculopathy in an Adult","volume":"123","author":"Parke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0000000000000420","article-title":"Zika virus and the eye","volume":"28","author":"Ventura","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0022","article-title":"Detection of Zika Virus Infection in Thailand, 2012\u20132014","volume":"93","author":"Buathong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2016.0267","article-title":"Ocular Findings in Infants With Microcephaly Associated With Presumed Zika Virus Congenital Infection in Salvador, Brazil","volume":"134","author":"Prazeres","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.5935\/0004-2749.20160020","article-title":"Zika virus-related hypertensive iridocyclitis","volume":"79","author":"Fontes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Oftalmol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2019.1651872","article-title":"Multifocal Choroiditis Secondary to Acute Zika Virus Infection","volume":"28","author":"Jimenez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bcr2014205554","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2014-205554","article-title":"Total internal and external ophthalmoplegia as presenting symptoms of Miller Fisher syndrome","volume":"2014","author":"Man","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-017-0585-1","article-title":"Ocular flutter following Zika virus infection","volume":"23","author":"Karam","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2536","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0805715","article-title":"Zika virus outbreak on Yap Island, Federated States of Micronesia","volume":"360","author":"Duffy","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1605564","article-title":"Guillain-Barre Syndrome Associated with Zika Virus Infection in Colombia","volume":"375","author":"Parra","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2018.00116","article-title":"Autoimmune Neurological Conditions Associated With Zika Virus Infection","volume":"11","author":"Monsalve","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24748","article-title":"Zika virus: An emergent neuropathological agent","volume":"80","author":"White","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0b013e32835c5e1d","article-title":"Saccadic intrusions: Review and update","volume":"26","author":"Lemos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1007\/s004150050088","article-title":"Ocular flutter and truncal ataxia may be associated with enterovirus infection","volume":"244","author":"Wiest","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2018.07.019","article-title":"Opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome associated with chikungunya and dengue virus co-infection","volume":"75","author":"Giovanetti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2016.1784","article-title":"Risk Factors Associated With the Ophthalmoscopic Findings Identified in Infants With Presumed Zika Virus Congenital Infection","volume":"134","author":"Ventura","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e131","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0000000000001252","article-title":"Glaucoma in Congenital Zika Syndrome","volume":"28","author":"Yasri","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Glaucoma"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2017.0048","article-title":"Congenital Zika Virus Infection: Beyond Neonatal Microcephaly","volume":"74","author":"Leyser","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"96","article-title":"Zika virus intrauterine infection causes fetal brain abnormality and microcephaly: Tip of the iceberg?","volume":"33","author":"Cofre","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Chilena. Infectol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00006-4","article-title":"Zika virus in Brazil and macular atrophy in a child with microcephaly","volume":"387","author":"Ventura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2017.0561","article-title":"Ophthalmic Manifestations of Congenital Zika Syndrome in Colombia and Venezuela","volume":"135","author":"Yepez","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6503e2","article-title":"Possible Association Between Zika Virus Infection and Microcephaly\u2014Brazil, 2015","volume":"65","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"MMWR. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e341","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000001689","article-title":"Zika Virus-associated Ocular and Neurologic Disorders: The Emergence of New Evidence","volume":"36","author":"Sahiner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2019.08.281","article-title":"Corneal ectasia and high ametropia in an infant with microcephaly associated with presumed Zika virus congenital infection: New ocular findings","volume":"23","author":"Vasconcelos","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. AAPOS"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.06.009","article-title":"Anterior-Segment Ocular Findings and Microphthalmia in Congenital Zika Syndrome","volume":"124","author":"Zin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5935\/0004-2749.20160002","article-title":"Ophthalmological findings in infants with microcephaly and presumable intra-uterus Zika virus infection","volume":"79","author":"Ventura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Oftalmol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2017.1474","article-title":"Screening Criteria for Ophthalmic Manifestations of Congenital Zika Virus Infection","volume":"171","author":"Zin","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2016.4283","article-title":"Optical Coherence Tomography of Retinal Lesions in Infants With Congenital Zika Syndrome","volume":"134","author":"Ventura","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.04.004","article-title":"Zika and the Eye: Pieces of a Puzzle","volume":"66","author":"Ventura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.05.001","article-title":"Expanded Spectrum of Congenital Ocular Findings in Microcephaly with Presumed Zika Infection","volume":"123","author":"Miranda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2021.01.009","article-title":"Ophthalmological manifestations in congenital Zika syndrome in 469 Brazilian children","volume":"25","author":"Ventura","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. AAPOS"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2017.05.024","article-title":"The visual system in infants with microcephaly related to presumed congenital Zika syndrome","volume":"21","author":"Vercosa","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. AAPOS"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1097\/ICB.0000000000000518","article-title":"Infants with Congenital Zika Syndrome and Ocular Findings from Sao Paulo, Brazil: Spread of Infection","volume":"12","author":"Ventura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Retin. Cases Brief Rep."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.10.004","article-title":"Glaucoma and Congenital Zika Syndrome","volume":"124","author":"Ko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1080\/20469047.2020.1776044","article-title":"Zika virus in Brazil and worldwide: A narrative review","volume":"41","author":"Martins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Paediatr. Int. Child Health"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-016-8554-7","article-title":"Zika Virus Infection: Current Concerns and Perspectives","volume":"51","author":"Maharajan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.11.087","article-title":"Transcriptional Changes during Naturally Acquired Zika Virus Infection Render Dendritic Cells Highly Conducive to Viral Replication","volume":"21","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01123","article-title":"The C-Type Lectin Receptor DC-SIGN Has an Anti-Inflammatory Role in Human M(IL-4) Macrophages in Response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"9","author":"Troegeler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25750","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.569020","article-title":"Receptor tyrosine kinases, TYRO3, AXL, and MER, demonstrate distinct patterns and complex regulation of ligand-induced activation","volume":"289","author":"Tsou","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2016.03.012","article-title":"Expression Analysis Highlights AXL as a Candidate Zika Virus Entry Receptor in Neural Stem Cells","volume":"18","author":"Nowakowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.09.006","article-title":"Zika Virus Infection Induces Cranial Neural Crest Cells to Produce Cytokines at Levels Detrimental for Neurogenesis","volume":"20","author":"Bayless","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2700","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2017.113","article-title":"Molecular insights of Gas6\/TAM in cancer development and therapy","volume":"8","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-017-0824-7","article-title":"Zika virus infection of cellular components of the blood-retinal barriers: Implications for viral associated congenital ocular disease","volume":"14","author":"Roach","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4355","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-22016","article-title":"Viral Retinopathy in Experimental Models of Zika Infection","volume":"58","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5440","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-23734-3","article-title":"Silent infection of human dendritic cells by African and Asian strains of Zika virus","volume":"8","author":"Vielle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.12.010","article-title":"Zika virus induces strong inflammatory responses and impairs homeostasis and function of the human retinal pigment epithelium","volume":"39","author":"Simonin","year":"2019","journal-title":"eBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2019.0082","article-title":"Immune Evasion Strategies Used by Zika Virus to Infect the Fetal Eye and Brain","volume":"33","author":"Nelson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viral Immunol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2092","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2020.1775459","article-title":"Zika virus-induced neuro-ocular pathology in immunocompetent mice correlates with anti-ganglioside autoantibodies","volume":"16","author":"Beaver","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1097\/01.iae.0000238549.74626.33","article-title":"MMP-2 and MMP-9 secretion by rpe is stimulated by angiogenic molecules found in choroidal neovascular membranes","volume":"26","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.3727\/000000004773301861","article-title":"Assessment of Different Transfection Parameters in Efficiency Optimization","volume":"13","author":"Young","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell Transpl."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00838-20","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00838-20","article-title":"Zika Virus Replication in Myeloid Cells during Acute Infection Is Vital to Viral Dissemination and Pathogenesis in a Mouse Model","volume":"94","author":"McDonald","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wen, C., Yu, Y., Gao, C., Qi, X., Cardona, C.J., and Xing, Z. (2022). Concomitant pyroptotic and apoptotic cell death triggered in macrophages infected by Zika virus. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0257408"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antoniou, E., Orovou, E., Sarella, A., Iliadou, M., Rigas, N., Palaska, E., Iatrakis, G., and Dagla, M. (2020). Zika Virus and the Risk of Developing Microcephaly in Infants: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17113806"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695106","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2021.695106","article-title":"Zika Virus and Neuropathogenesis: The Unanswered Question of Which Strain Is More Prone to Causing Microcephaly and Other Neurological Defects","volume":"15","author":"King","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598203","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.598203","article-title":"Zika Virus-Induced Neuronal Apoptosis via Increased Mitochondrial Fragmentation","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2019.09.012","article-title":"Zika virus and microcephaly in Southeast Asia: A cause for concern?","volume":"13","author":"Kuadkitkan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2016.12.005","article-title":"Recent Zika Virus Isolates Induce Premature Differentiation of Neural Progenitors in Human Brain Organoids","volume":"20","author":"Gabriel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00064","article-title":"Zika Virus Impairs Neurogenesis and Synaptogenesis Pathways in Human Neural Stem Cells and Neurons","volume":"13","author":"Cugola","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2016.10.017","article-title":"Zika Virus Disrupts Neural Progenitor Development and Leads to Microcephaly in Mice","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773191","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.773191","article-title":"Zika Virus Neuropathogenesis: The Different Brain Cells, Host Factors and Mechanisms Involved","volume":"13","author":"Komarasamy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrc.21095","article-title":"Neural crest derivatives in ocular development: Discerning the eye of the storm","volume":"105","author":"Williams","year":"2015","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res. C Embryo Today"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24245","article-title":"Relationship between neural crest cell specification and rare ocular diseases","volume":"97","author":"Akula","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1007\/s00347-010-2294-5","article-title":"Development of the iridocorneal angle and congenital glaucoma","volume":"108","author":"Tamm","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmologe"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(84)90193-4","article-title":"Developmental immaturity of the trabecular meshwork in juvenile glaucoma","volume":"98","author":"Tawara","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5283","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-09261-2","article-title":"Demographics and histopathological characteristics of enucleated microphthalmic globes","volume":"12","author":"Alkatan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1172-2-47","article-title":"Anophthalmia and microphthalmia","volume":"2","author":"Verma","year":"2007","journal-title":"Orphanet J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595896","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.595896","article-title":"The Ocular Neural Crest: Specification, Migration, and Then What?","volume":"8","author":"Williams","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8854","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.25.20.8854-8863.2005","article-title":"Severe defects in proliferation and differentiation of lens cells in Foxe3 null mice","volume":"25","author":"Brownell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35296","DOI":"10.1038\/srep35296","article-title":"ZIKA virus reveals broad tissue and cell tropism during the first trimester of pregnancy","volume":"6","author":"Gouilly","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02499-9","article-title":"Zika virus infection in pregnant rhesus macaques causes placental dysfunction and immunopathology","volume":"9","author":"Hirsch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2146","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.02146","article-title":"Zika Induces Human Placental Damage and Inflammation","volume":"11","author":"Rabelo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e92340","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.92340","article-title":"Zika virus infects cells lining the blood-retinal barrier and causes chorioretinal atrophy in mouse eyes","volume":"2","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11209","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29329-2","article-title":"Determination of system level alterations in host transcriptome due to Zika virus (ZIKV) Infection in retinal pigment epithelium","volume":"8","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.03.006","article-title":"Interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) restricts Zika virus replication in primary human corneal epithelial cells","volume":"17","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00173-19","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00173-19","article-title":"Zika Virus Infects Trabecular Meshwork and Causes Trabeculitis and Glaucomatous Pathology in Mouse Eyes","volume":"4","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2010.11.136","article-title":"Contribution of IPS-1 to polyI:C-induced cytokine production in conjunctival epithelial cells","volume":"404","author":"Ueta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-9255-11-20","article-title":"Role of toll-like receptors in human iris pigment epithelial cells and their response to pathogen-associated molecular patterns","volume":"11","author":"Mai","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644153","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.644153","article-title":"Zika Virus Infection of Human Iris Pigment Epithelial Cells","volume":"12","author":"Ryan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2018.1439069","article-title":"Immunopathology of Virus-Induced Anterior Uveitis","volume":"26","author":"Chan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10078-1236","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Uveitic Glaucoma","volume":"12","author":"Kalogeropoulos","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Curr. Glaucoma Pract."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S161","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-2038E","article-title":"Ophthalmologic Manifestations Associated With Zika Virus Infection","volume":"141","author":"Ventura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sherman, K.E., Rouster, S.D., Kong, L.X., Aliota, M.T., Blackard, J.T., and Dean, G.E. (2019). Zika virus replication and cytopathic effects in liver cells. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0214016"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuo, Y.P., Tsai, K.N., Luo, Y.C., Chung, P.J., Su, Y.W., Teng, Y., Wu, M.S., Lin, Y.F., Lai, C.Y., and Chuang, T.H. (2018). Establishment of a mouse model for the complete mosquito-mediated transmission cycle of Zika virus. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006417"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1038\/s41426-018-0096-z","article-title":"ZIKA virus infection causes persistent chorioretinal lesions","volume":"7","author":"Manangeeswaran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2016.07.009","article-title":"The many faces of the trabecular meshwork cell","volume":"158","author":"Stamer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McArthur, M.A. (2017). Zika Virus: Recent Advances towards the Development of Vaccines and Therapeutics. Viruses, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/v9060143"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoffman, M., Chigbu, D.I., Crumley, B.L., Sharma, R., Pustylnikov, S., Crilley, T., Ginwala, R., Loonawat, R., Joseph, J., and Sales, D. (2020). Human Acute and Chronic Viruses: Host-Pathogen Interactions and Therapeutics. Advanced Concepts in Human Immunology: Prospects for Disease Control, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-33946-3_1"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-620X.77655","article-title":"Inflammatory glaucoma","volume":"4","author":"Bodh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Oman J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjopt.2019.10.002","article-title":"Primary congenital glaucoma: An updated review","volume":"33","author":"Badawi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Saudi J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.4103\/2008-322X.194141","article-title":"Idiopathic Multifocal Choroiditis","volume":"11","author":"Tavallali","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmic Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baz, M., and Boivin, G. (2019). Antiviral Agents in Development for Zika Virus Infections. Pharmaceuticals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph12030101"}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/7\/6\/106\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:31:44Z","timestamp":1760139104000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/7\/6\/106"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]]},"references-count":150,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["tropicalmed7060106"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/tropicalmed7060106","relation":{},"ISSN":["2414-6366"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2414-6366","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]]}}}