{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T00:51:44Z","timestamp":1760230304464,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]],"date-time":"2022-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000061","name":"Fogarty International Centre of the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R25 TW011227"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R25 TW011227"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rectal carriage of extended spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-lactose fermenters (ESBL-LF) is the major risk factor for the development of subsequent endogenous infections. This study determined the patterns and factors associated with the rectal carriage of ESBL-LF among children with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Diabetes Mellitus (DM), and Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) attending clinics at different health care facilities in the city of Mwanza, Tanzania. A cross-sectional study was conducted among children living with HIV (n = 236), DM (n = 42) and SCD (n = 126) between July and September 2021. Socio-demographic and clinical data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Rectal swabs\/stool samples were collected and processed to detect the rectal carriage of ESBL-LF following laboratory standard operating procedures (SOPs). Descriptive statistical analysis was conducted using STATA 13.0. The overall prevalence of ESBL-LF carriage was 94\/404 (23.3%). Significantly higher resistance was observed to ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline among Enterobacteriaceae isolated from HIV infected children than in non-HIV infected children (p &lt; 0.05). The commonest ESBL allele 45\/62 (72.6%) detected was blaCTX-M. Generally, a parent\u2019s low education level was found to be associated with ESBL-LF colonization among children living with HIV; (OR 4.60 [95%CI] [1.04\u201320], p = 0.044). A higher proportion of ESBL-LF from DM 10\/10 (100%) carried ESBL genes than ESBL-LF from HIV 37\/56 (66.1%) and SCD 15\/28 (53.6%), p = 0.02. There is a need to collect more data regarding trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SXT) prophylaxis and antibiotic resistance to guide the decision of providing SXT prophylaxis in HIV-infected children especially at this time, when testing and treatment is carried out.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7080144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]],"date-time":"2022-07-25T04:52:47Z","timestamp":1658724767000},"page":"144","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Extended Spectrum \u03b2-Lactamase Producing Lactose Fermenting Bacteria Colonizing Children with Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Sickle Cell Disease and Diabetes Mellitus in Mwanza City, Tanzania: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Maria M.","family":"Said","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kondoa Town Hospital, Kondoa P.O. Box 40, Tanzania"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Bugando, Mwanza P.O. Box 1464, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3472-9620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Delfina R.","family":"Msanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Bugando, Mwanza P.O. Box 1464, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Conjester I.","family":"Mtemisika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Bugando, Mwanza P.O. Box 1464, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vitus","family":"Silago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Bugando, Mwanza P.O. Box 1464, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2313-3079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariam M.","family":"Mirambo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Bugando, Mwanza P.O. Box 1464, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7526-6271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen E.","family":"Mshana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Bugando, Mwanza P.O. Box 1464, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"11","article-title":"Extended spectrum beta-lactamases: Definition, classification and epidemiology","volume":"17","author":"Ghafourian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0702.010228","article-title":"Economic impact of antimicrobial resistance","volume":"7","author":"McGowan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. 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