{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T14:19:49Z","timestamp":1766067589897,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]],"date-time":"2022-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Global Emerging Infections Surveillance within the Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division","award":["P0055_22_AF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0055_22_AF"]}]},{"name":"Global Emerging Infections Surveillance","award":["P0055_22_AF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0055_22_AF"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, healthcare systems not only had to address the pressing clinical needs of the COVID-19 pandemic but anticipate the effect on and of other conditions and diseases. This was of particular concern in areas of the world endemic with malaria, a disease which takes hundreds of thousands of lives each year. This case report from Thailand describes a 25-year-old man diagnosed with Plasmodium vivax, who was then found to be co-infected with COVID-19. Both conditions can have overlapping acute febrile illness symptoms which may delay or complicate diagnoses. He had no prior history of malaria and had received two vaccinations against COVID-19. His clinical course was mild with no pulmonary complications or oxygen requirement, and he responded well to treatments for both conditions. Three months after cure, he again contracted COVID-19 but did not experience any P. vivax relapse. Review of the available literature produced less than 10 publications describing co-infections with P. vivax and COVID-19; nonetheless, in endemic areas, vigilance for both diseases should continue, as co-infections could significantly alter the course of clinical management and prognosis as well as affect the healthcare staff caring for these patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7080145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]],"date-time":"2022-07-25T04:52:47Z","timestamp":1658724767000},"page":"145","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Co-Infection with Plasmodium vivax and COVID-19 in Thailand"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2722-9633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Parat","family":"Boonyarangka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases, US Army Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kittijarankon","family":"Phontham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases, US Army Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sabaithip","family":"Sriwichai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases, US Army Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3139-4850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamonporn","family":"Poramathikul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases, US Army Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krit","family":"Harncharoenkul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases, US Army Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Worachet","family":"Kuntawunginn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases, US Army Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Napat","family":"Maneesrikhum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Suan Phueng Hospital, Ratchaburi 70180, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarayouth","family":"Srisawath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Suan Phueng Hospital, Ratchaburi 70180, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chanida","family":"Seenuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Suan Phueng Hospital, Ratchaburi 70180, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chattakorn","family":"Thanyakait","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Suan Phueng Hospital, Ratchaburi 70180, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kanjana","family":"Inkabajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Suan Phueng Hospital, Ratchaburi 70180, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suda","family":"Pludpiem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Health Promotion and Prevention, Suan Phueng District Health Office, Ratchaburi 70180, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kingkan","family":"Pidtana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases, US Army Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samandra","family":"Demons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases, US Army Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Vesely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases, US Army Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariusz","family":"Wojnarski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases, US Army Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John S.","family":"Griesenbeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases, US Army Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Spring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases, US Army Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"},{"name":"The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD 20817, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105948","article-title":"Review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) based on current evidence","volume":"55","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022, February 10). WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard, Available online: https:\/\/covid19.who.int\/table."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"572","article-title":"Malaria and Parasitic Neglected Tropical Diseases: Potential Syndemics with COVID-19?","volume":"103","author":"Gutman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021, December 06). World Malaria Report 2021, Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240040496."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Gennaro, F., Marotta, C., Locantore, P., Pizzol, D., and Putoto, G. (2020). Malaria and COVID-19: Common and Different Findings. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed5030141"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Malaria Online Database, Thailand Malaria Elimination Program (2022, May 11). Available online: http:\/\/malaria.ddc.moph.go.th\/malariar10\/index_newversion.php."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"CD013587","article-title":"Chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine for prevention and treatment of COVID-19","volume":"2","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Emergency Operations Center DoDC, Ministry of Public Health Thailand (2021, December 06). The Coronavirus Disease 2019 Situation, Available online: https:\/\/ddc.moph.go.th\/viralpneumonia\/eng\/file\/situation\/situation-no695-061264.pdf."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilairatana, P., Masangkay, F.R., Kotepui, K.U., Milanez, G.J., and Kotepui, M. (2021). Prevalence and characteristics of malaria among COVID-19 individuals: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and analysis of case reports. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009766"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Hussein, R., Guedes, M., Ibraheim, N., Ali, M.M., El-Tahir, A., Allam, N., Abuakar, H., Pecoits-Filho, R., and Kotanko, P. (2022, July 15). CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION. Available online: https:\/\/www.clinicalmicrobiologyandinfection.com\/article\/S1198-743X(22)00167-7\/fulltext."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e62","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(21)00240-8","article-title":"Current malaria infection, previous malaria exposure, and clinical profiles and outcomes of COVID-19 in a setting of high malaria transmission: An exploratory cohort study in Uganda","volume":"3","author":"Achan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2431","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26760","article-title":"Co-infection of malaria and early clearance of SARS-CoV-2 in healthcare workers","volume":"93","author":"Mahajan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-020-03441-6","article-title":"COVID-19: Possible Cause of Induction of Relapse of Plasmodium vivax Infection","volume":"87","author":"Kishore","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.13415","article-title":"Co-infection of malaria and dengue in pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2","volume":"151","author":"Mahajan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.13793","article-title":"Co-infection of COVID-19 and recurrent malaria","volume":"15","author":"Pusparani","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dev. Ctries."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.4103\/jgid.jgid_160_20","article-title":"Co-infection with Malaria and Coronavirus Disease-2019","volume":"12","author":"Ray","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Glob. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idcr.2020.e00879","article-title":"COVID-19 and Plasmodium vivax malaria co-infection","volume":"21","author":"Sardar","year":"2020","journal-title":"IDCases"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"77","article-title":"COVID-19 Associated Imported Plasmodium vivax Malaria Relapse: First Reported Case and Literature Review","volume":"12","author":"Shahid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res. Rep. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"186","article-title":"Malaria and pregnancy: A global health perspective","volume":"2","author":"Nour","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2021.59.4.399","article-title":"COVID-19 and Plasmodium ovale Malaria: A Rare Case of Co-Infection","volume":"59","author":"Caglar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Korean J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.46234\/ccdcw2021.101","article-title":"The First Reported Case of COVID-19 and Plasmodium ovale Malaria Coinfection\u2014Guangdong Province, China, January 2021","volume":"3","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"China CDC Wkly."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.13670","article-title":"Pregnancy and COVID-19: Do not overlook malaria","volume":"153","author":"Papaccio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Battle, K.E., and Baird, J.K. (2021). The global burden of Plasmodium vivax malaria is obscure and insidious. PLoS Med., 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003799"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5807056","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5807056","article-title":"Comparison of Different Waves during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Retrospective Descriptive Study in Thailand","volume":"2021","author":"Kunno","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haddawy, P., Lawpoolsri, S., Sa-Ngamuang, C., Su Yin, M., Barkowsky, T., Wiratsudakul, A., Kaewkungwal, J., Khamsiriwatchara, A., Sa-Angchai, P., and Sattabongkot, J. (2021). Effects of COVID-19 government travel restrictions on mobility in a rural border area of Northern Thailand: A mobile phone tracking study. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0245842"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osei, S.A., Biney, R.P., Anning, A.S., Nortey, L.N., and Ghartey-Kwansah, G. (2022). Low incidence of COVID-19 case severity and mortality in Africa; Could malaria co-infection provide the missing link?. BMC Infect. Dis., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-022-07064-4"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-03541-w","article-title":"Malaria and COVID-19: Unmasking their ties","volume":"19","author":"Hussein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-1340","article-title":"Case Report: Dengue and COVID-19 Coinfection in Thailand","volume":"104","author":"Nasomsong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciq249","article-title":"Plasmodium vivax recurrence following falciparum and mixed species malaria: Risk factors and effect of antimalarial kinetics","volume":"52","author":"Douglas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(13)70095-1","article-title":"The activation of vivax malaria hypnozoites by infectious diseases","volume":"13","author":"Shanks","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.4103\/tp.TP_105_20","article-title":"A report on incidence of COVID-19 among febrile patients attending a malaria clinic","volume":"11","author":"Guha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.4314\/gmj.v55i2s.9","article-title":"Is malaria immunity a possible protection against severe symptoms and outcomes of COVID-19?","volume":"55","author":"Orish","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ghana Med. J."}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/7\/8\/145\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:54:49Z","timestamp":1760140489000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/7\/8\/145"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["tropicalmed7080145"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/tropicalmed7080145","relation":{},"ISSN":["2414-6366"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2414-6366"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]]}}}