{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T00:56:29Z","timestamp":1760230589178,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Valdosta State University (VSU)"},{"name":"the VSU Faculty Research Seed Grant Program"},{"name":"the Valdosta State University Foundation Inc. (Rickettsia Research Fund)"},{"name":"Lupin Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rickettsia prowazekii, the bacterial cause of epidemic typhus in humans, proliferates mainly within the microvascular endothelial cells. Previous studies have shown that murine macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells are rapidly damaged if they are pretreated with gamma interferon (IFN-\u03b3) and then infected with R. prowazekii. In the present study, the effects of IFN-\u03b3 and R. prowazekii on murine C166 endothelial cells were evaluated. In the IFN-\u03b3-pretreated R. prowazekii-infected endothelial cell cultures, evidence of cell damage was observed within several hours after addition of the rickettsiae. Considerable numbers of the cells became permeable to trypan blue dye and ethidium bromide, and substantial amounts of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were released from the cells. Such evidence of cellular injury was not observed in the untreated infected cultures or in any of the mock-infected cultures. Polyethylene glycols (PEGs) of different nominal average molecular weights were used to assess the possible involvement of pore formation and osmotic lysis in this cellular injury. PEG 8000 dramatically suppressed LDH release, PEG 4000 partially inhibited it, and PEGs 2000 and 1450 had no effect. Despite its inhibition of LDH release, PEG 8000 did not prevent the staining of the IFN-\u03b3-pretreated infected endothelial cells by ethidium bromide. These findings suggest that the observed cellular injury involves the formation of pores in the endothelial cell membranes, followed by osmotic lysis of the cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7080163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T23:49:27Z","timestamp":1659397767000},"page":"163","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Involvement of Pore Formation and Osmotic Lysis in the Rapid Killing of Gamma Interferon-Pretreated C166 Endothelial Cells by Rickettsia prowazekii"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Jenifer","family":"Turco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, Valdosta State University, 1500 N. Patterson St., Valdosta, GA 31698, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]},"reference":[{"unstructured":"Trujillo, M.E., Dedysh, S., DeVos, P., Hedlund, B., K\u00e4mpfer, P., Rainey, F.A., and Whitman, W.B. (2019). Rickettsia. Bergey\u2019s Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.","key":"ref_1"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.010","article-title":"The rickettsioses, a practical update","volume":"33","author":"Blanton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-00507-2","article-title":"Cells within cells: Rickettsiales and the obligate intracellular bacterial lifestyle","volume":"19","author":"Salje","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. 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