{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T17:51:44Z","timestamp":1790877104248,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]],"date-time":"2022-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Global Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16\/136\/33"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16\/136\/33"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Global Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UGCS-2021-447"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UGCS-2021-447"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Zhejiang University Education Foundation","award":["16\/136\/33"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16\/136\/33"]}]},{"name":"the Zhejiang University Education Foundation","award":["UGCS-2021-447"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UGCS-2021-447"]}]},{"name":"the Global Challenges Research Fund","award":["16\/136\/33"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16\/136\/33"]}]},{"name":"the Global Challenges Research Fund","award":["UGCS-2021-447"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UGCS-2021-447"]}]},{"name":"the University of Edinburgh","award":["16\/136\/33"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16\/136\/33"]}]},{"name":"the University of Edinburgh","award":["UGCS-2021-447"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UGCS-2021-447"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000867","name":"the Commonwealth Scholarship Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16\/136\/33"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16\/136\/33"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000867","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000867","name":"the Commonwealth Scholarship Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UGCS-2021-447"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UGCS-2021-447"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000867","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: African trypanocide resistance is an emerging public health emergency whose control requires a revisit on farmer\u2019s knowledge, attitudes, and practices in developing countries. African animal trypanocide resistance (AATr) is rife in an environment where drug use and policy decisions are disjointed. The objective of the study was to identify community factors responsible for the development of AATr. This was important since diminazene aceturate (DA), isometamidium chloride (ISM), and homidium bromide (HB) have existed for over 30 years and no new drugs have been provided to farmers. Methods: An electronic keyword search across 12 databases was conducted using a search criterion from 1806 to June 2022. This generated a total of 24 publications, but after removing duplicates, review articles, and nonrelated articles, a total of eight papers were included in the analysis by following the PRISMA checklist. A meta-analysis was conducted on the data extracted and the risk ratio and inverse variance at 95% confidence interval were calculated using RevMan\u00ae. Results: All the eight articles in the study showed that DA was the most preferred trypanocide in both West and Eastern Africa. Poor farmer knowledge of AATr and limited drug options were major drivers for trypanocide resistance. In addition, farmer treatments, use of untrained personnel, poor administration, poor dosing, and preparation of trypanocides were major drivers for the development of AATr and similarities were identified in DA and ISM practices (P = 0.13). Conclusions: AATr is spread in developing countries due to a lack of community knowledge, attitudes, and drug-use practices. This situation could be reversed through interdisciplinary collaborations in endemic communities by promoting effective treatments and responsible drug handling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7090205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T02:55:34Z","timestamp":1661309734000},"page":"205","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Knowledge Attitude and Practices on African Animal Trypanocide Resistance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5763-7964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keneth Iceland","family":"Kasozi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection Medicine, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Kabale University, Kabale P.O. Box 317, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewan Thomas","family":"MacLeod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection Medicine, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Waiswa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosecurity Biotechnical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Mahero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3157-6251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Ntulume","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosecurity Biotechnical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan Christina","family":"Welburn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection Medicine, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK"},{"name":"Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, International Campus, 718 East Haizhou Road, Haining 314400, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182016001268","article-title":"The animal trypanosomiases and their chemotherapy: A review","volume":"143","author":"Giordani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.04.007","article-title":"Pharma to farmer: Field challenges of optimizing trypanocide use in African animal trypanosomiasis","volume":"37","author":"Richards","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828111","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.828111","article-title":"An Update on African Trypanocide Pharmaceutics and Resistance","volume":"9","author":"Kasozi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. 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