{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T23:15:08Z","timestamp":1788909308474,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661299200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine and the University of Antwerp\u2019s Joint Pump Priming Proposal program","award":["43642"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["43642"]}]},{"name":"Department of Economics, Science &amp; Innovation of the Flemish Government, Belgium","award":["43642"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["43642"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>West Nile virus (WNV) can cause asymptomatic infection in humans, result in self-limiting febrile illness, or lead to severe West Nile Neuroinvasive disease (WNND). We conducted a pilot study to compare selected biomarkers of oxidative stress in sera of viremic West Nile virus patients and asymptomatic infected blood donors to investigate their potential as predictors of disease severity. We found that total oxidant status was elevated in WNND and in uncomplicated WNV infections (median 9.05 (IQR 8.37 to 9.74) and 7.14 (7.03 to 7.25) \u00b5mol H2O2 equiv.\/L, respectively) compared to asymptomatic infections (0.11 (0.07 to 0.19) \u00b5mol H2O2 equiv.\/L) (p = 0.048). MDA levels showed a similar trend to TOS, but differences were not significant at \u03b1 = 0.05. Total antioxidant status did not differ significantly between different disease severity groups. Oxidative stress appears to be associated with more severe disease in WNV-infected patients. Our preliminary findings warrant prospective studies to investigate the correlation of oxidative stress with clinical outcomes and severity of WNV infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7090207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]],"date-time":"2022-08-25T01:50:26Z","timestamp":1661392226000},"page":"207","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Can Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Serum Predict Disease Severity in West Nile Virus Infection? A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5490-0731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maxim","family":"Van Herreweghe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NatuRA Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0831-615X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annelies","family":"Breynaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NatuRA Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8597-2084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tess","family":"De Bruyne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NatuRA Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corneliu Petru","family":"Popescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Adult Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Carola Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy and Dr Victor Babe\u0219 Clinical Hospital of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, 030303 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6482-3386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simin-Aysel","family":"Florescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Adult Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Carola Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy and Dr Victor Babe\u0219 Clinical Hospital of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, 030303 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaniv","family":"Lustig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Central Virology Laboratory, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel & Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 52621, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eli","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Geographic Medicine and Tropical Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer & Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 52621, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico Giovanni","family":"Gobbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Ospedale Sacro Cuore Don Calabria, Department of Infectious Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, 37024 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3946-7313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina","family":"Hermans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NatuRA Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8803-9468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ralph","family":"Huits","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NatuRA Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium"},{"name":"IRCCS Ospedale Sacro Cuore Don Calabria, Department of Infectious Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, 37024 Verona, Italy"},{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Department of Clinical Sciences, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.8042","article-title":"West Nile Virus: Review of the Literature","volume":"310","author":"Petersen","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21135","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2015.20.20.21135","article-title":"The challenge of West Nile virus in Europe: Knowledge gaps and research priorities","volume":"20","author":"Rizzoli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Habarugira, G., Suen, W.W., Hobson-Peters, J., Hall, R.A., and Bielefeldt-Ohmann, H. 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