{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T11:56:52Z","timestamp":1793620612688,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,10]],"date-time":"2022-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Africa Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals (ACEIDHA)","award":["P151847"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P151847"]}]},{"name":"World Bank","award":["P151847"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P151847"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ae7jd04","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Schistosomiasis remains a public health concern in Zambia. Urinary schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma haematobium is the most widely distributed infection. The aim of the current study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors of urinary schistosomiasis and identify the strain of S. haematobium among children in the Siavonga and Lusaka districts in Zambia. Urine samples were collected from 421 primary school children and S. haematobium eggs were examined under light microscopy. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to obtain information on the socio-demographic characteristics and the potential risk factors for urinary schistosomiasis. DNA of the parasite eggs was extracted from urine samples and the internal transcribed spacer gene was amplified, sequenced and phylogenetically analysed. The overall prevalence of S. haematobium was 9.7% (41\/421) (95% CI: 7.16\u201313.08), male participants made up 6.2% (26\/232) (95% CI: 4.15\u20139.03), having a higher burden of disease than female participants who made up 3.5% (15\/421) (95% CI: 2.01\u20135.94). The age group of 11\u201315 years had the highest overall prevalence of 8.3% (35\/421) (5.94\u201311.48). Participants that did not go fishing were 0.008 times less likely to be positive for schistosomiasis while participants whose urine was blood-tinged or cloudy on physical examination and those that lived close to water bodies were 9.98 and 11.66 times more likely to test positive for schistosomiasis, respectively. A phylogenetic tree analysis indicated that S. haematobium isolates were closely related to pure S. haematobium from Zimbabwe and hybrids of S. haematobium \u00d7 S. bovis from Benin, Senegal and Malawi. The current study shows that urinary schistosomiasis is endemic in the study areas and is associated with water contact, and S. haematobium isolated is closely related to hybrids of S. bovis \u00d7 S. haematobium strain, indicating the zoonotic potential of this parasite.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7090239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]],"date-time":"2022-09-13T22:37:28Z","timestamp":1663108648000},"page":"239","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Prevalence and Molecular Identification of Schistosoma haematobium among Children in Lusaka and Siavonga Districts, Zambia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Rabecca","family":"Tembo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 50110, Zambia"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia"},{"name":"Africa Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O Box 32379, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8874-3965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walter","family":"Muleya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4580-3416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Yabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Para Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia"},{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, P.O. Box 13301, Windhoek 1005, Namibia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henson","family":"Kainga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Lilongwe 207203, Malawi"},{"name":"Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, Zambia Animals, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0125-9009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"King S.","family":"Nalubamba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3250-4196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mildred","family":"Zulu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 50110, Zambia"},{"name":"Africa Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O Box 32379, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florence","family":"Mwaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 50110, Zambia"},{"name":"Africa Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O Box 32379, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shereen Ahmed","family":"Saad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Africa Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O Box 32379, Zambia"},{"name":"Department of Para Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Studies, College of Veterinary Science, University of Bahr El Ghazal, Wau P.O. Box 10739, South Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moses","family":"Kamwela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lusaka Apex Medical University, Lusaka P.O. Box 31909, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew N.","family":"Mukubesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, Zambia Animals, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ngula","family":"Monde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Ndola P.O. Box 71769, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1677-6770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simegnew Adugna","family":"Kallu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, Zambia Animals, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia"},{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa P.O. Box 138, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Mbewe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, Zambia Animals, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia"},{"name":"Department of Basic and Clinical Nursing Sciences, School of Nursing Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 50110, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4561-8800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew M.","family":"Phiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. 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