{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T20:43:10Z","timestamp":1792096990171,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]],"date-time":"2022-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human visceral leishmaniasis is a major public health problem in the Amazon. Thus, we analyzed the spatial distribution of this disease and its relationship with epidemiological, socioeconomic, and environmental variables in the Caraj\u00e1s Integration Region, Par\u00e1 state, from 2011 to 2020. Epidemiological data for this ecological study were obtained from the State Public Health Secretariat, environmental data were obtained from the National Space Research Institute, and socioeconomic data were obtained from the Brazilian Geography and Statistics Institute. ArcGIS 10.5.1 software was used for classifying land use and cover and for the Kernel and Moran spatial analyses. It was observed in 685 confirmed cases that the epidemiological profile followed the national pattern of the disease occurrence, with a high prevalence in children who were not school-aged. The disease had a non-homogeneous distribution with clusters related to different human activities, such as urbanization, ranching, and mining. A spatial dependence between the disease prevalence and socioeconomic indicators was observed. The municipalities presented gradients of case densities associated with a direct relationship between areas with cases and deforestation. The disease is developing due to risk factors such as establishment and maintenance related to the non-sustainable development model implemented in the region, pointing to the need for its revision.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7100255","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]],"date-time":"2022-09-23T04:07:07Z","timestamp":1663906027000},"page":"255","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Visceral Leishmaniasis and Land Use and Cover in the Caraj\u00e1s Integration Region, Eastern Amazon, Brazil"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1913-7176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"do Socorro Carvalho Miranda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Epidemiology and Geoprocessing of Amazon, Para State University, Bel\u00e9m 66087-662, Brazil"},{"name":"Superior School of Amazon, Bel\u00e9m 66053-180, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7202-1423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruna","family":"Costa de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Epidemiology and Geoprocessing of Amazon, Para State University, Bel\u00e9m 66087-662, Brazil"},{"name":"Cyberspace Institute, Federal Rural University of Amazon, Bel\u00e9m 66077-830, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tainara","family":"Carvalho Garcia Miranda Filgueiras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Direito, Federal University of Para, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0371-0801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alder Mour\u00e3o","family":"de Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Epidemiology and Geoprocessing of Amazon, Para State University, Bel\u00e9m 66087-662, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9315-7888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maira","family":"Cibelle da Silva Peixoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Epidemiology and Geoprocessing of Amazon, Para State University, Bel\u00e9m 66087-662, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tain\u00e3","family":"Carvalho Garcia Miranda Filgueiras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Epidemiology and Geoprocessing of Amazon, Para State University, Bel\u00e9m 66087-662, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederico Jos\u00e9","family":"Carvalho Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Epidemiology and Geoprocessing of Amazon, Para State University, Bel\u00e9m 66087-662, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9rgio","family":"Luiz Althoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Biology Laboratory, Natural Sciences Department, Blumenau Regional University, Blumenau 89012-078, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3284-4892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raimundo","family":"Gladson Corr\u00eaa Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Superior School of Amazon, Bel\u00e9m 66053-180, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0276-9318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nelson","family":"Veiga Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Epidemiology and Geoprocessing of Amazon, Para State University, Bel\u00e9m 66087-662, Brazil"},{"name":"Cyberspace Institute, Federal Rural University of Amazon, Bel\u00e9m 66077-830, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Brazilian Ministry of Health (2019). 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