{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T02:13:09Z","timestamp":1789956789165,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]],"date-time":"2022-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ecosystem Services for Poverty Alleviation Programme (ESPA)","award":["NE\/J000701\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NE\/J000701\/1"]}]},{"name":"Department for International Development (DFID)","award":["NE\/J000701\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NE\/J000701\/1"]}]},{"name":"Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC)","award":["NE\/J000701\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NE\/J000701\/1"]}]},{"name":"Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)","award":["NE\/J000701\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NE\/J000701\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is a neglected tropical disease that has not received much attention in Zambia and most of the countries in which it occurs. In this study, we assessed the adequacy of the healthcare delivery system in diagnosis and management of rHAT cases, the environmental factors associated with transmission, the population at risk and the geographical location of rHAT cases. Structured questionnaires, focus group discussions and key informant interviews were conducted among the affected communities and health workers. The study identified 64 cases of rHAT, of which 26 were identified through active surveillance and 38 through passive surveillance. We identified a significant association between knowledge of the vector for rHAT and knowledge of rHAT transmission (p &lt; 0.028). In all four districts, late or poor diagnosis occurred due to a lack of qualified laboratory technicians and diagnostic equipment. This study reveals that the current Zambian healthcare system is not able to adequately handle rHAT cases. Targeted policies to improve staff training in rHAT disease detection and management are needed to ensure that sustainable elimination of this public health problem is achieved in line with global targets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7100270","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]],"date-time":"2022-09-29T01:23:16Z","timestamp":1664414596000},"page":"270","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Healthcare Management of Human African Trypanosomiasis Cases in the Eastern, Muchinga and Lusaka Provinces of Zambia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Allan Mayaba","family":"Mwiinde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Mazabuka Municipal Council, Mazabuka P.O. Box 620033, Zambia"},{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 50110, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6621-7470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Simuunza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 50110, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1157-247X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boniface","family":"Namangala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 50110, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8237-3681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chitalu Miriam","family":"Chama-Chiliba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Economic and Social Research (INESOR), University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 30900, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noreen","family":"Machila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 50110, Zambia"},{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7192-7717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neil E.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter M.","family":"Atkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Health Informatics, Computing and Statistics (CHICAS), Lancaster Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan C.","family":"Welburn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK"},{"name":"Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Joint Institute, Zhejiang University, International Campus, 718 East Haizhou Road, Haining 314400, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.325.7357.203","article-title":"Clinical Review Human African Trypanosomiasis","volume":"325","author":"Stict","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. 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