{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T10:57:28Z","timestamp":1788173848230,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Geneva Global","award":["MR\/R015600\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/R015600\/1"]}]},{"name":"Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis","award":["MR\/R015600\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/R015600\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Childhood anaemia affects 1.8 billion people globally. Little is known about the long-term impact of mass drug administration (MDA) for the control of soil-transmitted helminthiases (STH) on the spatiotemporal variation of anaemia prevalence and severity. We describe the long-term spatiotemporal impact of a 5-year STH MDA programme (2007\u20132011) on the prevalence of anaemia and anaemia severity in school-aged children (SAC) in Burundi. Methodology\/Principal Findings: We used annual haemoglobin concentration and STH data collected during 2007\u20132011 in 31 schools in Burundi. Spatial dependence in prevalence and severity of anaemia was assessed using semivariograms. Bayesian geostatistical models were developed to (a) quantify the role of STH (adjusted for other anaemia determinants) in the spatiotemporal distribution of anaemia prevalence\/severity, and (b) predict the geographical variation of both outcomes across Burundi. Adjusted population data were used to estimate the geographical distribution of the number of SAC at risk of anaemia and with low and moderate\/severe anaemia. Infections with Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura were positively and significantly associated with childhood anaemia; hookworm infections were not. A significant decrease in anaemia prevalence, from 40\u201350% (2008) to 10\u201320% (2011) was predicted in western areas. The predicted prevalence of low-severity anaemia decreased from 40\u201350% (2008) to &lt;20% (2011) in southern and eastern areas. Moderate\/high-severity anaemia was concentrated in western regions of Burundi, with pockets of moderate\/high-severity anaemia in central and northern regions in 2008. The overall number of predicted anaemic children decreased from 443,657 (2008) to 232,304 (2011), with a resurgence after MDA disruption in 2010 (to 480,605). Prevalence of low- and moderate-severity anaemia was higher in boys than in girls. Conclusions\/Significance: Despite ongoing MDA, the prevalence of anaemia in SAC remained high and increased in certain parts of the country. It is recommended that MDA programmes targeting STH are complemented with specific anaemia interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7100307","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]],"date-time":"2022-10-18T00:31:01Z","timestamp":1666053061000},"page":"307","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Impact of a 5-Year Mass Drug Administration Programme for Soil-Transmitted Helminthiases on the Spatial Distribution of Childhood Anaemia in Burundi from 2007 to 2011"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Mohamad","family":"Assoum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia"},{"name":"UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Via Warrego Highway, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia"},{"name":"School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9234-756X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppina","family":"Ortu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine (St. Mary\u2019s Campus), Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria-Gloria","family":"Bas\u00e1\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research and MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8288-4169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Colleen","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia"},{"name":"Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Archie C. A.","family":"Clements","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"Halton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovations, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Fenwick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine (St. Mary\u2019s Campus), Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9157-8470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo J. Soares","family":"Magalh\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia"},{"name":"UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Via Warrego Highway, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.002","article-title":"The Global Burden of Anemia","volume":"30","author":"Kassebaum","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hematol.\/Oncol. Clin. 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