{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T02:01:30Z","timestamp":1792807290864,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universitas Padjadjaran Academic Leadership","award":["2203\/UN6.3.1\/PT.00\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2203\/UN6.3.1\/PT.00\/2022"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00xqf8t64","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Universitas Padjadjaran Academic Leadership","award":["2203\/UN6.3.1\/PT.00\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2203\/UN6.3.1\/PT.00\/2022"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00xqf8t64","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"BUPP","award":["2203\/UN6.3.1\/PT.00\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2203\/UN6.3.1\/PT.00\/2022"]}]},{"name":"BUPP","award":["2203\/UN6.3.1\/PT.00\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2203\/UN6.3.1\/PT.00\/2022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tropical diseases (TDs) are among the leading cause of mortality and fatality globally. The emergence and reemergence of TDs continue to challenge healthcare system. Several tropical diseases such as yellow fever, tuberculosis, cholera, Ebola, HIV, rotavirus, dengue, and malaria outbreaks have led to endemics and epidemics around the world, resulting in millions of deaths. The increase in climate change, migration and urbanization, overcrowding, and other factors continue to increase the spread of TDs. More cases of TDs are recorded as a result of substandard health care systems and lack of access to clean water and food. Early diagnosis of these diseases is crucial for treatment and control. Despite the advancement and development of numerous diagnosis assays, the healthcare system is still hindered by many challenges which include low sensitivity, specificity, the need of trained pathologists, the use of chemicals and a lack of point of care (POC) diagnostic. In order to address these issues, scientists have adopted the use of CRISPR\/Cas systems which are gene editing technologies that mimic bacterial immune pathways. Recent advances in CRISPR-based biotechnology have significantly expanded the development of biomolecular sensors for diagnosing diseases and understanding cellular signaling pathways. The CRISPR\/Cas strategy plays an excellent role in the field of biosensors. The latest developments are evolving with the specific use of CRISPR, which aims for a fast and accurate sensor system. Thus, the aim of this review is to provide concise knowledge on TDs associated with mosquitoes in terms of pathology and epidemiology as well as background knowledge on CRISPR in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Moreover, the study overviews the application of the CRISPR\/Cas system for detection of TDs associated with mosquitoes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7100309","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]],"date-time":"2022-10-18T00:31:01Z","timestamp":1666053061000},"page":"309","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Detection of Tropical Diseases Caused by Mosquitoes Using CRISPR-Based Biosensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0985-5980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salma Nur","family":"Zakiyyah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3850-9921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullahi Umar","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Near East University, Mersin 10, 99010 Nicosia, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manal Salah","family":"Babiker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Near East University, Mersin 10, 99010 Nicosia, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3659-4774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shabarni","family":"Gaffar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4037-3445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehmet","family":"Ozsoz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Near East University, Mersin 10, 99010 Nicosia, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6656-7315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Ihda H. L.","family":"Zein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeni Wahyuni","family":"Hartati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldp046","article-title":"Neglected Tropical Diseases","volume":"93","author":"Feasey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. Med. Bull."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2012.02.007","article-title":"Tropical Diseases. Definition, Geographic Distribution, Transmission, and Classification","volume":"26","author":"Zumla","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.5582\/bst.2016.01180","article-title":"Current Status of Genome Editing in Vector Mosquitoes: A Review","volume":"10","author":"Reegan","year":"2016","journal-title":"BioSci. Trends"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/traa118","article-title":"Diagnostics and the Neglected Tropical Diseases Roadmap: Setting the Agenda for 2030","volume":"115","author":"Souza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1111\/pbi.12256","article-title":"Genome Engineering via TALENs and CRISPR\/Cas9 Systems: Challenges and Perspectives","volume":"12","author":"Mahfouz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plant Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1000127","article-title":"Genome Engineering Using the CRISPR Cas9 System","volume":"2","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Afr. J. Tradit. Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35143","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-020-09010-5","article-title":"Futuristic CRISPR-Based Biosensing in the Cloud and Internet of Things Era: An Overview","volume":"81","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e44382","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.44382","article-title":"Can CRISPR Help in the Fight against Parasitic Worms?","volume":"8","author":"McVeigh","year":"2019","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/traa192","article-title":"The Impact of Climate Change on Neglected Tropical Diseases: A Systematic Review","volume":"115","author":"Tidman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arnold, B.F., van der Laan, M.J., Hubbard, A.E., Steel, C., Kubofcik, J., Hamlin, K.L., Moss, D.M., Nutman, T.B., Priest, J.W., and Lammie, P.J. (2017). Measuring Changes in Transmission of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Malaria, and Enteric Pathogens from Quantitative Antibody Levels. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 11.","DOI":"10.1101\/106708"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LaBeaud, A.D. (2008). Why Arboviruses Can Be Neglected Tropical Diseases. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 2.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000247"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2007.07.002","article-title":"The Pathology of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever","volume":"24","author":"Leong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Semin. Diagn. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-8-322","article-title":"Molecular Epidemiology of Dengue Viruses in Southern China from 1978 to 2006","volume":"8","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1139\/cjm-2020-0572","article-title":"Dengue Virus: Epidemiology, Biology, and Disease Aetiology","volume":"67","author":"Roy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1080\/20477724.2019.1678939","article-title":"Arboviruses in the East African Community Partner States: A Review of Medically Important Mosquito-Borne Arboviruses","volume":"113","author":"Nyaruaba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pathog. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1080\/20477724.2020.1845005","article-title":"Zika Virus Pathogenesis and Current Therapeutic Advances","volume":"115","author":"Mwaliko","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathog. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2017.03.001","article-title":"Zika Virus: History, Epidemiology, Transmission, and Clinical Presentation","volume":"308","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Bhargavi, B.S., and Moa, A. (2020). Global Outbreaks of Zika Infection by Epidemic Observatory (EpiWATCH), 2016\u20132019. Glob. Biosecurity, 2."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.1752","article-title":"Immunity and Immune Response, Pathology and Pathologic Changes: Progress and Challenges in the Immunopathology of Yellow Fever","volume":"23","author":"Quaresma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30401-7","article-title":"Rift Valley Fever Virus Imported into China from Angola","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamlet, A., Gaythorpe, K.A.M., Garske, T., and Ferguson, N.M. (2021). Seasonal and Inter-Annual Drivers of Yellow Fever Transmission in South America. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008974"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e55619","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.55619","article-title":"The Effect of Climate Change on Yellow Fever Disease Burden in Africa","volume":"9","author":"Gaythorpe","year":"2020","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s13337-011-0039-y","article-title":"Rotavirus Infection: A Perspective on Epidemiology, Genomic Diversity and Vaccine Strategies","volume":"22","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S331","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa598","article-title":"The Rotavirus Vaccine Story: From Discovery to the Eventual Control of Rotavirus Disease","volume":"224","author":"Glass","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1590\/S1679-45082016RB3582","article-title":"Group A Rotavirus Gastroenteritis: Post-Vaccine Era, Genotypes and Zoonotic Transmission","volume":"14","author":"Luchs","year":"2016","journal-title":"Einstein"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2015.9","article-title":"HIV-Associated Nephropathies: Epidemiology, Pathology, Mechanisms and Treatment","volume":"11","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4449","article-title":"HIV and the Spectrum of Human Disease","volume":"235","author":"Lucas","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-139-3-200308050-00011","article-title":"Pathogenesis and Treatment of HIV-Associated Renal Diseases: Lessons from Clinical and Animal Studies, Molecular Pathologic Correlations, and Genetic Investigations","volume":"139","author":"Kimmel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00395-0","article-title":"Epidemiology of HIV in the USA: Epidemic Burden, Inequities, Contexts, and Responses","volume":"397","author":"Sullivan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S2221-1691(15)30340-3","article-title":"Ebola Outbreak in West Africa: A Neglected Tropical Disease","volume":"5","author":"Troncoso","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4923","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S327616","article-title":"The 2018\u20132020 Ebola Outbreak in the Democratic Republic of Congo: A Better Response Had Been Achieved Through Inter-State Coordination in Africa","volume":"14","author":"Wadoum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Risk Manag. Healthc. Policy"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2022, August 22). CDC\u2014Neglected Tropical Diseases\u2014Diseases, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/globalhealth\/ntd\/diseases\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4674235","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/4674235","article-title":"Review on Major Food-Borne Zoonotic Bacterial Pathogens","volume":"2020","author":"Abebe","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S629","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix362","article-title":"What We Know about Tuberculosis Transmission: An Overview","volume":"216","author":"Churchyard","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(17)30079-6","article-title":"The Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Transmission, Diagnosis, and Management of Multidrug-Resistant, Extensively Drug-Resistant, and Incurable Tuberculosis","volume":"5","author":"Dheda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"181","article-title":"Circulation and Transmission of Clones of Vibrio cholerae During Cholera Outbreaks","volume":"379","author":"Stine","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.03339-19","article-title":"Genome Dynamics of Vibrio cholerae Isolates Linked to Seasonal Outbreaks of Cholera in Dhaka, Bangladesh","volume":"11","author":"Baddam","year":"2020","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2021.263","article-title":"Characterization of V. Cholerae O1 Biotype El Tor Serotype Ogawa Possessing the CtxB Gene of the Classical Biotype Isolated from Well Water Associated with the Cholera Outbreak in Kerala, South India","volume":"19","author":"Reethy","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Water Health"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mwaba, J., Debes, A.K., Murt, K.N., Shea, P., Simuyandi, M., Laban, N., Kazimbaya, K., Chisenga, C., Li, S., and Almeida, M. (2021). Three Transmission Events of Vibrio cholerae O1 into Lusaka, Zambia. BMC Infect. Dis., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06259-5"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Ameer, M.A., Wasey, A., and Salen, P. (2021). Escherichia coli (E Coli 0157 H7), StatPearls Publishing. Available online: https:\/\/europepmc.org\/article\/NBK\/nbk507845."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa210","article-title":"Epidemiology of Escherichia coli Bacteremia: A Systematic Literature Review","volume":"72","author":"Bonten","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hotez, P.J. (2018). Human Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases: Heading Towards 2050, Elsevier Ltd.. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2018.03.002"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.09.006","article-title":"Clinical Features and Pathogenesis of Severe Malaria","volume":"20","author":"MacKintosh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2012061","DOI":"10.4084\/mjhid.2012.061","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Malaria in Tissues and Blood","volume":"4","author":"Autino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mediterr. J. Hematol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.AME-0010-2019","article-title":"Malaria Molecular Epidemiology: An Evolutionary Genetics Perspective","volume":"7","author":"Escalante","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Awadhi, M., Ahmad, S., and Iqbal, J. (2021). Current Status and the Epidemiology of Malaria in the Middle East Region and Beyond. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9020338"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villar, J.C., Perez, J.G., Cortes, O.L., Riarte, A., Pepper, M., Marin-Neto, J.A., and Guyatt, G.H. (2014). Trypanocidal Drugs for Chronic Asymptomatic Trypanosoma cruzi Infection. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 1\u201363.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003463.pub2"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro848","article-title":"Human African Trypanosomiasis","volume":"2","author":"Kioy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000906","article-title":"Focus-Specific Clinical Profiles in Human African Trypanosomiasis Caused by Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense","volume":"4","author":"MacLean","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022, August 22). Trypanosomiasis, Human African (Sleeping Sickness). Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/trypanosomiasis-human-african-(sleeping-sickness)."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2028-5","article-title":"The History of Leishmaniasis","volume":"10","author":"Steverding","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.72","article-title":"Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: Immune Responses in Protection and Pathogenesis","volume":"16","author":"Scott","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tripathi, L.K., and Nailwal, T.K. (2021). Leishmaniasis: An Overview of Evolution, Classification, Distribution, and Historical Aspects of Parasite and Its Vector. Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention of Leishmaniasis, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-822800-5.00004-4"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S210","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab211","article-title":"Sustainable Surveillance of Neglected Tropical Diseases for the Post-Elimination Era","volume":"72","author":"Hatherell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.13.129601","article-title":"La Prevenci\u00f3n y El Control de Enfermedades Tropicales Desatendidas: Una Visi\u00f3n General de Ensayos Aleatorios, Ex\u00e1menes Sistem\u00e1ticos y Metaan\u00e1lisis","volume":"92","author":"Kappagoda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s40778-016-0037-5","article-title":"A Broad Overview and Review of CRISPR-Cas Technology and Stem Cells","volume":"2","author":"Waddington","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Stem Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6091","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku241","article-title":"Classification and Evolution of Type II CRISPR-Cas Systems","volume":"42","author":"Chylinski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1138140","article-title":"CRISPR Provides Against Viruses in Prokaryotes","volume":"315","author":"Barrangou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09523","article-title":"The CRISPR\/Cas Bacterial Immune System Cleaves Bacteriophage and Plasmid DNA","volume":"468","author":"Garneau","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2020.112867","article-title":"The Application of DNA Polymerases and Cas9 as Representative of DNA-Modifying Enzymes Group in DNA Sensor Design (Review)","volume":"175","author":"Dronina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Gustafsson, C. (2020). A Tool for Genome Editing, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2021.116210","article-title":"CRISPR-Cas Systems: From Gene Scissors to Programmable Biosensors","volume":"137","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1481","DOI":"10.1002\/wrna.1481","article-title":"Cas9 versus Cas12a\/Cpf1: Structure\u2014Function Comparisons and Implications for Genome Editing","volume":"9","author":"Swarts","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. RNA"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2018.06.029","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms of RNA Targeting by Cas13-Containing Type VI CRISPR\u2014Cas Systems","volume":"431","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aav4294","article-title":"Programmed DNA Destruction by Miniature CRISPR-Cas14 Enzymes","volume":"362","author":"Harrington","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1258096","article-title":"The New Frontier of Genome Engineering with CRISPR-Cas9","volume":"346","author":"Doudna","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000185","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.202000185","article-title":"CRISPR\/Cas9: A New Tool for the Study and Control of Helminth Parasites","volume":"43","author":"Du","year":"2021","journal-title":"BioEssays"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4629","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-018-8927-3","article-title":"The CRISPR\/Cas9 System Sheds New Lights on the Biology of Protozoan Parasites","volume":"102","author":"Grzybek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, Y., Sim\u00f5es, M.L., Marois, E., and Dimopoulos, G. (2018). CRISPR\/Cas9-Mediated Gene Knockout of Anopheles gambiae FREP1 Suppresses Malaria Parasite Infection. PLoS Pathog., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006898"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1534\/g3.120.401133","article-title":"Cas9-Mediated Gene-Editing in the Malaria Mosquito Anopheles Stephensi by ReMOT Control","volume":"10","author":"Macias","year":"2020","journal-title":"G3 Genes Genomes Genet."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1986","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01986-17","article-title":"Systematic CRISPR-Cas9-Mediated Modifications of Plasmodium yoelii ApiAP2 Genes Reveal Functional Insights into Parasite Development","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12762","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12762","article-title":"CRISPR\/Cas9 Gene Drive Technology to Control Transmission of Vector-Borne Parasitic Infections","volume":"42","author":"Rostami","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12693","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12693","article-title":"CRISPR\/Cas9\u2014The Ultimate Weapon to Battle Infectious Diseases?","volume":"19","author":"Doerflinger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3439","article-title":"A CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Drive System Targeting Female Reproduction in the Malaria Mosquito Vector Anopheles gambiae","volume":"34","author":"Hammond","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2018.02.002","article-title":"Assessment of Two CRISPR-Cas9 Genome Editing Protocols for Rapid Generation of Trypanosoma Cruzi Gene Knockout Mutants","volume":"48","author":"DaRocha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00861-15","article-title":"CRISPR-Cas9-Mediated Genome Editing in Leishmania Donovani","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12456","article-title":"First Efficient CRISPR-Cas9-Mediated Genome Editing in Leishmania Parasites","volume":"17","author":"Sollelis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.170095","article-title":"A CRISPR Cas9 High-Throughput Genome Editing Toolkit for Kinetoplastids","volume":"4","author":"Beneke","year":"2017","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2018.12.005","article-title":"CRISPR\/Cas Systems towards Next-Generation Biosensing","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-020-00895-z","article-title":"A Nobel Prize for Genetic Scissors","volume":"20","author":"Charpentier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2021.06.003","article-title":"Paired DCas9 Design as a Nucleic Acid Detection Platform for Pathogenic Strains","volume":"203","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.04.059","article-title":"Rapid, Low-Cost Detection of Zika Virus Using Programmable Biomolecular Components","volume":"165","author":"Pardee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1021\/acssynbio.7b00446","article-title":"Highly Effective and Low-Cost MicroRNA Detection with CRISPR-Cas9","volume":"7","author":"Qiu","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Synth. Biol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-018-0028-z","article-title":"CRISPR-Cas12a-Assisted Nucleic Acid Detection","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Discov."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-021-04985-w","article-title":"LAMP-CRISPR-Cas12-Based Diagnostic Platform for Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Using Real-Time Fluorescence or Lateral Flow Test","volume":"188","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cclet.2017.12.008","article-title":"State of the Art: Lateral Flow Assay (LFA) Biosensor for on-Site Rapid Detection","volume":"29","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2228","DOI":"10.1021\/acssynbio.9b00209","article-title":"HOLMESv2: A CRISPR-Cas12b-Assisted Platform for Nucleic Acid Detection and DNA Methylation Quantitation","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Synth. Biol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/nature19802","article-title":"Two Distinct RNase Activities of CRISPR-C2c2 Enable Guide-RNA Processing and RNA Detection","volume":"538","author":"Knight","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aam9321","article-title":"Nucleic Acid Detection with CRISPR-Cas13a\/C2c2","volume":"356","author":"Gootenberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaq0179","article-title":"Multiplexed and Portable Nucleic Acid Detection Platform with Cas13, Cas12a and Csm6","volume":"360","author":"Gootenberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.9b00239","article-title":"Rapid and Fully Microfluidic Ebola Virus Detection with CRISPR-Cas13a","volume":"4","author":"Qin","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lou, J., Wang, B., Li, J., Ni, P., Jin, Y., Chen, S., Xi, Y., Zhang, R., and Duan, G. (2022). The CRISPR-Cas System as A Tool for Diagnosing and Treating Infectious Diseases. Mol. Biol. Rep., 1\u201311.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-022-07752-z"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2020.128677","article-title":"Fabrication of Ultrasensitive Electrochemical Biosensor for Dengue Fever Viral RNA Based on CRISPR\/Cpf1 Reaction","volume":"326","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25722","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2010196117","article-title":"Ultrasensitive CRISPR-Based Diagnostic for Field-Applicable Detection of Plasmodium Species in Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Malaria","volume":"117","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/7\/10\/309\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:56:00Z","timestamp":1760144160000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/7\/10\/309"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["tropicalmed7100309"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/tropicalmed7100309","relation":{},"ISSN":["2414-6366"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2414-6366","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]]}}}