{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T22:23:07Z","timestamp":1791498187413,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,29]],"date-time":"2022-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"United Nations Environment Programme","award":["No.1\/SSFA\/3879\/Asia"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.1\/SSFA\/3879\/Asia"]}]},{"name":"United Nations Environment Programme","award":["Pacific Office\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Pacific Office\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Government of Norway","award":["No.1\/SSFA\/3879\/Asia"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.1\/SSFA\/3879\/Asia"]}]},{"name":"Government of Norway","award":["Pacific Office\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Pacific Office\/2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a multidimensional phenomenon. The environment acts as a mixing pot of drug-resistant bacteria from many sources such as pharmaceutical, biomedical, veterinary, and agricultural sectors. In this study, we analysed the existing AMR-related policies\/guidelines\/legislations in India in the above domains and how the current practices are being guided by them. Methods: We used a convergent parallel mix method design. Quantitative data were collected through a review of policies\/guidelines\/legislations in the said domains and analysed using the SWOT tool parallelly supported by key informant interviews of domain-specific stakeholders. Results: Altogether, 19 existing AMR policies\/guidelines\/legislations were identified. The existence of few policies\/guidelines in each domain indicated the evolving environment for policy interventions. However, the lack of capacity among farmers, inadequate provision for structured capacity building, high cost of alternatives to antimicrobials, and lack of provision of incentivisation in case of crop failure were identified as the major weaknesses prevalent across the domains. Opportunities for policy refinements\/the introduction of new policies are ample. However, easy access to antimicrobials and injudicious use imposes threats to AMR containment in all sectors. Conclusions: Despite having a few policies for the containment of AMR, their implementation witnesses challenge due to the lack of collaborative approaches, the existence of policies disjointed from ground reality, infrastructural issues, and the lack of capacity and resources.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7110336","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,30]],"date-time":"2022-10-30T10:47:57Z","timestamp":1667126877000},"page":"336","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Existing Policies\/Guidelines on the Environmental Dimension of Antimicrobial Resistance in India: An Insight into the Key Facets through Review and SWOT Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1325-3501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Falguni","family":"Debnath","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases, Kolkata 700010, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3439-7475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Debjit","family":"Chakraborty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases, Kolkata 700010, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9338-8339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandip","family":"Giri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases, Kolkata 700010, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shatabdi","family":"Saha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases, Kolkata 700010, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soume","family":"Pyne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases, Kolkata 700010, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raja","family":"Chakraverty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases, Kolkata 700010, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6111-3971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agniva","family":"Majumdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases, Kolkata 700010, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alok Kumar","family":"Deb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases, Kolkata 700010, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7948-8579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vishal","family":"Diwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal 462030, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajesh","family":"Bhatia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Expert, Food & Agriculture Organization, New Delhi 110003, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanta","family":"Dutta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases, Kolkata 700010, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00309","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-003091","article-title":"Setting the standard: Multidisciplinary hallmarks for structural, equitable and tracked antibiotic policy","volume":"5","author":"Kirchhelle","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Glob. 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