{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T09:28:25Z","timestamp":1787909305981,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]],"date-time":"2022-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Dracunculiasis, also known as Guinea worm disease (GWD), is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) caused by a parasite (Dracunculus medinensis). In the past, dracunculiasis was known as \u201cthe disease of the empty granary\u201d because of the difficulties patients had in going to work in fields or to school when affected by this disease. In tropical areas, the condition has been widespread in economically disadvantaged communities, and has been associated with reduced economic status and low levels of education. Methods: we searched PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and WHO websites for literature addressing dracunculiasis published in the last 50 years. Results: by development and optimization of multi-layered control measures, transmission by the vector has been interrupted, but there are foci in several African countries with a high risk of compromising the results obtained in the control of this neglected disease. Conclusion: this review features state-of-the-art data on the infection prevalence, geographical distribution, diagnostics, parasite\u2013host interactions, and the pathology of dracunculiasis. Also described are the current state and future perspectives for vector control and elimination strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7110366","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]],"date-time":"2022-11-10T02:07:48Z","timestamp":1668046068000},"page":"366","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Guinea Worm Disease: A Neglected Diseases on the Verge of Eradication"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Carmen","family":"Pellegrino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Patti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Camporeale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Belati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Novara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Papagni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luisa","family":"Frallonardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Diella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giacomo","family":"Guido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elda","family":"De Vita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Totaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5276-2603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco Vladimiro","family":"Segala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9328-289X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Veronese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, University of Palermo Geriatric Unit, 90121 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Cotugno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4833-7118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide Fiore","family":"Bavaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0256-1744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Putoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Operational Research Unit, Doctors with Africa CUAMM, 35100 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nazario","family":"Bevilacqua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-IRCCS, 00042 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Castellani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universite du Kwango\u2014UNIK, Kenge, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5606-8712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuele","family":"Nicastri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for 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Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2000.62.163","article-title":"Dracunculiasis eradication: Delayed, not denied","volume":"62","author":"Hopkins","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. 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