{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T23:20:37Z","timestamp":1789600837438,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]],"date-time":"2022-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>During the COVID-19 pandemic, the increase in reports of human monkeypox virus infection cases spreading in many countries outside Africa is a major cause for concern. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the evidence of antiviral pharmacotherapy available for the treatment of adult patients with monkeypox. A scoping review of the literature was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and CENTRAL databases until 12 September 2022. The key search terms used were \u201cmonkeypox\u201d and \u201ctreatment\u201d. A total of 1927 articles were retrieved using the search strategy. After removing duplicates (n = 1007) and examining by title, abstract, and full text, 11 studies reporting case reports of monkeypox with antiviral treatment were included, detailing the number of monkeypox cases, clinical manifestations, number of participants with antiviral treatment, history of sexually transmitted diseases, method of diagnosis, location of skin lesions, drugs used in antiviral treatment, route of administration, and outcome. A total of 1281 confirmed cases of monkeypox have been reported, of which 65 monkeypox cases had antiviral treatment distributed most frequently in the United States (n = 30), the United Kingdom (n = 6), and Spain (n = 6). Of the total cases, 1269 (99.1%) were male with an age range of 18 to 76 years, and 1226 (95.7%) had a sexual behavior of being men who have sex with men. All confirmed cases of monkeypox were diagnosed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The most frequent clinical manifestations were skin lesions, fever, lymphadenopathy, headache, fatigue, and myalgia. The most frequent locations of the lesions were perianal, genital, facial, and upper and lower extremities. The most commonly used drugs for antiviral treatment of monkeypox were: tecovirimat, cidofovir, and brincidofovir. All patients had a complete recovery. According to current evidence, the efficacy and safety of antiviral drugs against monkeypox is of low quality and scarce.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7110369","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]],"date-time":"2022-11-10T19:18:29Z","timestamp":1668107909000},"page":"369","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Antiviral Treatment against Monkeypox: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5733-5176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brando","family":"Ortiz-Saavedra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de San Agust\u00edn de Arequipa, Arequipa 04000, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7267-0204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darwin A.","family":"Le\u00f3n-Figueroa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad de San Mart\u00edn de Porres, Chiclayo 14012, Peru"},{"name":"Unidad de Revisiones Sistem\u00e1ticas y Meta-An\u00e1lisis, Tau-Relaped Group, Trujillo 13001, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2528-2089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizbet S.","family":"Montes-Madariaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de San Agust\u00edn de Arequipa, Arequipa 04000, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6595-8813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex","family":"Ricardo-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima 15023, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1799-0763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niza","family":"Alva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima 15023, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3267-0255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cielo","family":"Cabanillas-Ramirez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima 15023, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2896-1407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshuan J.","family":"Barboza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vicerrectorado de Investigaci\u00f3n, Universidad Norbert Wiener, Lima 15023, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3826-9702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdelmonem","family":"Siddiq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis A.","family":"Coaguila Cusicanqui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad Peruana Antenor Orrego, Trujillo 13001, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. Katterine","family":"Bonilla-Aldana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit, Universidad Continental, Huancayo 12001, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9773-2192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfonso J.","family":"Rodriguez-Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, Pereira 660001, Risaralda, Colombia"},{"name":"Latin American Network of MOnkeypox VIrus Research (LAMOVI), Pereira 660001, Risaralda, Colombia"},{"name":"Master of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Cientifica del Sur, Lima 15023, Peru"},{"name":"Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut P.O. 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