{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T19:22:31Z","timestamp":1791660151530,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":196,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]],"date-time":"2022-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Coinfection with bacteria, fungi, and respiratory viruses has been described as a factor associated with more severe clinical outcomes in children with COVID-19. Such coinfections in children with COVID-19 have been reported to increase morbidity and mortality. Objectives: To identify the type and proportion of coinfections with SARS-CoV-2 and bacteria, fungi, and\/or respiratory viruses, and investigate the severity of COVID-19 in children. Methods: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched ProQuest, Medline, Embase, PubMed, CINAHL, Wiley online library, Scopus, and Nature through the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines for studies on the incidence of COVID-19 in children with bacterial, fungal, and\/or respiratory coinfections, published from 1 December 2019 to 1 October 2022, with English language restriction. Results: Of the 169 papers that were identified, 130 articles were included in the systematic review (57 cohort, 52 case report, and 21 case series studies) and 34 articles (23 cohort, eight case series, and three case report studies) were included in the meta-analysis. Of the 17,588 COVID-19 children who were tested for co-pathogens, bacterial, fungal, and\/or respiratory viral coinfections were reported (n = 1633, 9.3%). The median patient age ranged from 1.4 months to 144 months across studies. There was an increased male predominance in pediatric COVID-19 patients diagnosed with bacterial, fungal, and\/or viral coinfections in most of the studies (male gender: n = 204, 59.1% compared to female gender: n = 141, 40.9%). The majority of the cases belonged to White (Caucasian) (n = 441, 53.3%), Asian (n = 205, 24.8%), Indian (n = 71, 8.6%), and Black (n = 51, 6.2%) ethnicities. The overall pooled proportions of children with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 who had bacterial, fungal, and respiratory viral coinfections were 4.73% (95% CI 3.86 to 5.60, n = 445, 34 studies, I2 85%, p &lt; 0.01), 0.98% (95% CI 0.13 to 1.83, n = 17, six studies, I2 49%, p &lt; 0.08), and 5.41% (95% CI 4.48 to 6.34, n = 441, 32 studies, I2 87%, p &lt; 0.01), respectively. Children with COVID-19 in the ICU had higher coinfections compared to ICU and non-ICU patients, as follows: respiratory viral (6.61%, 95% CI 5.06\u20138.17, I2 = 0% versus 5.31%, 95% CI 4.31\u20136.30, I2 = 88%) and fungal (1.72%, 95% CI 0.45\u20132.99, I2 = 0% versus 0.62%, 95% CI 0.00\u20131.55, I2 = 54%); however, COVID-19 children admitted to the ICU had a lower bacterial coinfection compared to the COVID-19 children in the ICU and non-ICU group (3.02%, 95% CI 1.70\u20134.34, I2 = 0% versus 4.91%, 95% CI 3.97\u20135.84, I2 = 87%). The most common identified virus and bacterium in children with COVID-19 were RSV (n = 342, 31.4%) and Mycoplasma pneumonia (n = 120, 23.1%). Conclusion: Children with COVID-19 seem to have distinctly lower rates of bacterial, fungal, and\/or respiratory viral coinfections than adults. RSV and Mycoplasma pneumonia were the most common identified virus and bacterium in children infected with SARS-CoV-2. Knowledge of bacterial, fungal, and\/or respiratory viral confections has potential diagnostic and treatment implications in COVID-19 children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7110380","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]],"date-time":"2022-11-16T02:33:48Z","timestamp":1668566028000},"page":"380","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Global Coinfections with Bacteria, Fungi, and Respiratory Viruses in Children with SARS-CoV-2: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4552-4513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saad","family":"Alhumaid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Administration of Pharmaceutical Care, Al-Ahsa Health Cluster, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1196-8386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muneera","family":"Alabdulqader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Nephrology Specialty, Pediatric Department, Medical College, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nourah","family":"Al Dossary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Surgery Department, Alomran General Hospital, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa 36358, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zainab","family":"Al Alawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Allergy and Immunology, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulrahman A.","family":"Alnaim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koblan M.","family":"Al Mutared","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Administration of Pharmaceutical Care, Ministry of Health, Najran 66255, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5469-1220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khalid","family":"Al Noaim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed A.","family":"Al Ghamdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, King Fahad Hospital of the University, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suha Jafar","family":"Albahrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Diabetology, Family Medicine Department, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 36364, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulaziz A.","family":"Alahmari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, King Fahad Hospital of the University, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah Mahmoud","family":"Al Hajji Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy Department, Prince Saud Bin Jalawi Hospital, Al-Ahsa 36424, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yameen Ali","family":"Almatawah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Pediatric Department, Maternity and Children Hospital, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa 36422, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar Musa","family":"Bayameen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Administration, Directorate of Health Affairs, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa 36441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed Abdulwhab","family":"Alismaeel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Administration, Directorate of Health Affairs, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa 36441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherifah Khaled","family":"Alzamil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Administration, Directorate of Health Affairs, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa 36441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samiah Ahmad","family":"Alturki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Administration, Directorate of Health Affairs, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa 36441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahra\u2019a Radi","family":"Albrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Administration, Directorate of Health Affairs, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa 36441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nasreen Ahmad","family":"Al Bagshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Administration, Directorate of Health Affairs, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa 36441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hesham Yousef","family":"Alshawareb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Sector, Primary Care Medicine, Al-Ahsa Health Cluster, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa 36421, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaafar Abdullah","family":"Alhudar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Medical Supply, Al-Ahsa Health Cluster, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa 36361, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qassim Abdulatif","family":"Algurairy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Department, King Fahad Hofuf Hospital, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa 36441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samirah Mansour","family":"Alghadeer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection Prevention and Control Administration, Al-Ahsa Health Cluster, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa 36421, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan Ali","family":"Alhadab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ambulatory Transportation Administration, Al-Ahsa Health Cluster, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa 36421, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taleb Nasser","family":"Aljubran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy Department, Prince Saud Bin Jalawi Hospital, Al-Ahsa 36424, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yousif Ahmad","family":"Alabdulaly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quality Assurance and Patient Safety Administration, Directorate of Health Affairs, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa 36441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abbas","family":"Al Mutair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center, Almoosa Specialist Hospital, Al-Ahsa 36342, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"College of Nursing, Princess Norah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"School of Nursing, Wollongong University, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Nursing, Prince Sultan Military College, Dhahran 34313, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6774-9847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali A.","family":"Rabaan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Public Health\/Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22620, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rubenstein, S., Grew, E., Clouser, K., Kwok, A., Veerapandiyan, A., Kornitzer, J., Pecor, K., and Ming, X. (2021). COVID-19 in Pediatric Inpatients: A Multi-Center Observational Study of Factors Associated with Negative Short-Term Outcomes. Children, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/children8110951"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fainardi, V., Meoli, A., Chiopris, G., Motta, M., Skenderaj, K., Grandinetti, R., Bergomi, A., Antodaro, F., Zona, S., and Esposito, S. (2022). Long COVID in Children and Adolescents. Life, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/life12020285"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jugulete, G., Pacurar, D., Pavelescu, M.L., Safta, M., Gheorghe, E., Borco\u0219, B., Pavelescu, C., Oros, M., and Meri\u0219escu, M. (2022). Clinical and Evolutionary Features of SARS-CoV-2 Infection (COVID-19) in Children, a Romanian Perspective. Children, 9.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202207.0384.v1"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piaa161","article-title":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibody responses in children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) and mild and severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"10","author":"Anderson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. Soc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1542\/hpeds.2022-006613","article-title":"Factors Associated with Severe Illness in Patients Aged< 21 Years Hospitalized for COVID-19","volume":"12","author":"Choudhary","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hosp. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5967","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI140970","article-title":"Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children and COVID-19 are distinct presentations of SARS\u2013CoV-2","volume":"130","author":"Diorio","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649358","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.649358","article-title":"Epidemiology, Clinical Features and Prognostic Factors of Pediatric SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Results from an Italian Multicenter Study","volume":"9","author":"Garazzino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2075","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.02075","article-title":"The metabolic changes and immune profiles in patients with COVID-19","volume":"11","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0362","DOI":"10.1097\/CCE.0000000000000362","article-title":"Characteristics of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infection and comparison with influenza in children admitted to UK PICUs","volume":"3","author":"Kanthimathinathan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit. Care Explor."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le Glass, E., Hoang, V.T., Boschi, C., Ninove, L., Zandotti, C., Boutin, A., Bremond, V., Dubourg, G., Ranque, S., and Lagier, J.-C. (2021). Incidence and outcome of coinfections with SARS-CoV-2 and rhinovirus. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13122528"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fmac056","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmac056","article-title":"Effect of Concomitant Tuberculosis Infection on COVID-19 Disease in Children: A Matched, Retrospective Cohort Study","volume":"68","author":"Mathur","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Trop. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912784","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.912784","article-title":"Clinical presentation of pediatric patients with symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection during the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic in a single center in Mexico City","volume":"10","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1177\/00099228211052471","article-title":"A Child With COVID-19, Type 1 Diabetes, and Candida glabrata: A Case Report and Literature Review","volume":"60","author":"Brothers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"e22100","article-title":"Fatal Pediatric Meningococcal Invasive Disease Caused by Neisseria meningitidis Serogroup C and Co-Infected With SARS-CoV-2: Report of a Case in Tijuana, Mexico","volume":"14","author":"Lopatynsky","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freij, B.J., Gebara, B.M., Tariq, R., Wang, A.-M., Gibson, J., El-Wiher, N., Krasan, G., Patek, P.M., Levasseur, K.A., and Amin, M. (2020). Fatal central nervous system co-infection with SARS-CoV-2 and tuberculosis in a healthy child. BMC Pediatr., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-020-02308-1"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.34172\/aim.2020.62","article-title":"A Case of COVID 19 and Staphylococcus Coinfection","volume":"23","author":"Hamzavi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Iran. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26364","article-title":"High prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A virus (H1N1) coinfection in dead patients in Northeastern Iran","volume":"93","author":"Hashemi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26401","article-title":"Report of death in children with SARS-CoV-2 and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) coinfection: Is hMPV the trigger?","volume":"93","author":"Hashemi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e239701","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2020-239701","article-title":"Fatal SARS-CoV-2 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis coinfection in an infant: Insights from Botswana","volume":"14","author":"Mulale","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep. CP"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e142","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000003476","article-title":"Fatal SARS-CoV-2-Associated Panton-Valentine Leukocidin-producing Staphylococcal Bacteremia: A Nationwide Multicenter Cohort Study","volume":"41","author":"Nygaard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.15508","article-title":"Fatal meningococaemia in a SARS-CoV-2-positive adolescent","volume":"58","author":"Rebelo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Paediatr. Child Health"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idcr.2020.e01002","article-title":"A fatal course of multiple inflammatory syndrome in children coinfection with dengue. A case report from Indonesia","volume":"22","author":"Somasetia","year":"2020","journal-title":"IDCases"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2022.154106","article-title":"Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) showing disseminated aspergillosis, cytomegalovirus reactivation and persistent SARS-COV-2: Case report with autopsy review","volume":"238","author":"Taweevisit","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, J., Randolph, A.G., Novak, T., Walker, T.C., Loftis, L.L., Zinter, M.S., Irby, K., and Khurana, S. (2022). Systemic and lower respiratory tract immunity to SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and variants in pediatric severe COVID-19 and Mis-C. Vaccines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10020270"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-021-01626-4","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"10","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Peterson, J., Welch, V., Losos, M., and Tugwell, P. (2011). The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for Assessing the Quality of Nonrandomised Studies in Meta-Analyses, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2017.08.025","article-title":"Metal stents versus plastic stents for the management of pancreatic walled-off necrosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"87","author":"Bazerbachi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2006.04.004","article-title":"Random-effects model for meta-analysis of clinical trials: An update","volume":"28","author":"DerSimonian","year":"2007","journal-title":"Contemp. Clin. Trials"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1186","article-title":"Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Higgins","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","article-title":"Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses","volume":"327","author":"Higgins","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aggarwal, N., Potdar, V., Vijay, N., Mukhopadhyay, L., Borkakoty, B., Manjusree, S., Choudhary, M.L., Chowdhury, D., Verma, R., and Bhardwaj, S.D. (2022). SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza Virus Co-Infection Cases Identified through ILI\/SARI Sentinel Surveillance: A Pan-India Report. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14030627"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2348","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_2161_20","article-title":"Epidemiological characteristics of children with coronavirus at a joint commission-accredited hospital in the United Arab Emirates","volume":"10","author":"Nair","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Fam. Med. Prim. Care"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"401","article-title":"Disseminated infection caused by the bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccine and SARS-CoV-2 coinfection in a patient with IL-12 receptor \u03b21 subunit deficiency","volume":"67","author":"Bustamante","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Alerg. Mex."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alrayes, T., Wait, A., Spencer, P., Merolla, D.M., Lampe, K., Salimnia, H., and Kannikeswaran, N. (2022). Features of an Atypical RSV Surge During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Clin. Pediatr., 00099228221124677.","DOI":"10.1177\/00099228221124677"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e164","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000003057","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 and respiratory syncytial virus coinfection in hospitalized pediatric patients","volume":"40","author":"Alvares","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.25731","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 acute bronchiolitis in hospitalized children: Neither frequent nor more severe","volume":"57","author":"Bodegas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2022.103676","article-title":"Co-infection of SARS-CoV-2 with other viral respiratory pathogens in Yogyakarta, Indonesia: A cross-sectional study","volume":"77","author":"Arguni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2021.03.017","article-title":"Cervical abscess caused by methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus in an infant infected with SARS-CoV-2: Diagnostic dilemma","volume":"27","author":"Arslan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2020.1849516","article-title":"Pneumococcal carriage in children with COVID-19","volume":"17","author":"Aykac","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"taab019","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taab019","article-title":"Enteric fever and COVID-19 co-infection in a teenager returning from Pakistan","volume":"28","author":"Ayoubzadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Travel Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3674","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.25654","article-title":"Clinical and laboratory characteristics of children with SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"56","author":"Berksoy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-021-03973-9","article-title":"Fever without source as the first manifestation of SARS-CoV-2 infection in infants less than 90 days old","volume":"180","author":"Epalza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2021.06.004","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2-associated Henoch\u2013Sch\u00f6nlein purpura in a 13-year-old girl","volume":"28","author":"Borocco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. P\u00e9diatrie"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cason, C., Zamagni, G., Cozzi, G., Tonegutto, D., Ronfani, L., Oretti, C., De Manzini, A., Barbi, E., Comar, M., and Amaddeo, A. (2022). Spread of Respiratory Pathogens During the COVID-19 Pandemic Among Children in the Northeast of Italy. Front. Microbiol., 308.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.804700"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e135","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000002721","article-title":"A case of childhood COVID-19 infection with pleural effusion complicated by possible secondary mycoplasma pneumoniae infection","volume":"39","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.13048","article-title":"Myocarditis and coronary aneurysms in a child with acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2","volume":"8","author":"Ciuca","year":"2021","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa424","article-title":"Cluster of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the French Alps, February 2020","volume":"71","author":"Danis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e236264","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2020-236264","article-title":"4-month-old boy coinfected with COVID-19 and adenovirus","volume":"13","author":"Danley","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep. CP"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2020.05.007","article-title":"Severe coronavirus disease-2019 in children and young adults in the Washington, DC, metropolitan region","volume":"223","author":"DeBiasi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"712","article-title":"COVID-19 complicated with acute renal failure due to mycotic bezoars in two children","volume":"74","author":"Demirkan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Esp. Urol."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"79","article-title":"Tuberculous Meningitis and COVID-19 Coinfection: A Diagnostic Challenge","volume":"3","author":"Dhanawade","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Nora, A., Pizzo, F., Costanza, G., Ruggieri, M., and Falsaperla, R. (2022). Human herpes 6 encephalitis in co-infection with Covid-19. Acta Neurol. Belg., 1\u20132.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13760-022-01961-w"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0000000000002814","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 With Concurrent Respiratory Viral Infection as a Risk Factor for a Higher Level of Care in Hospitalized Pediatric Patients","volume":"38","author":"Dikranian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr. Emerg. Care"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14289","article-title":"Eleven faces of coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"75","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e238597","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2020-238597","article-title":"Child with tuberculous meningitis and COVID-19 coinfection complicated by extensive cerebral sinus venous thrombosis","volume":"13","author":"Essajee","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"e20763","article-title":"Dengue With COVID-19: Associated with Co-infection and Multiple Organ Dysfunction in a Child","volume":"13","author":"Ferdous","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2351","DOI":"10.1177\/21501319221082351","article-title":"COVID-19 and Acute Otitis Media in Children: A Case Series","volume":"13","author":"Frost","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Prim. Care Community Health"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000600","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.18.2000600","article-title":"Multicentre Italian study of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and adolescents, preliminary data as of 10 April 2020","volume":"25","author":"Garazzino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.24927","article-title":"COVID-19 in a child with tuberculous airway compression","volume":"55","author":"Goussard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2022.103603","article-title":"Management of complicated acute sinusitis in the setting of concurrent COVID-19","volume":"43","author":"Guy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Halabi, K.C., Wang, H., Leber, A.L., S\u00e1nchez, P.J., Ramilo, O., and Mejias, A. (2022). Respiratory Syncytial Virus and SARS-CoV-2 Coinfections in Children. Pediatr. Pulmonol.","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.26127"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"000252","DOI":"10.1099\/acmi.0.000252","article-title":"Genomic epidemiological analysis of SARS-CoV-2 household transmission","volume":"3","author":"Hare","year":"2021","journal-title":"Access Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1177\/00099228211006688","article-title":"A case series of SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR-Positive hospitalized infants 60 Days of age or younger from 2 New York city pediatric emergency departments","volume":"60","author":"Hassoun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hertzberg, E., Lim, C.A., Eiting, E., Yung, S., Nunez, J., Calderon, Y., and Barnett, B. (2020). Respiratory Viral Co-infection with Novel Coronavirus in Children: A Case Series. Res. Sq.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-26407\/v1"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13875","DOI":"10.1111\/petr.13875","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 viral clearance during bone marrow aplasia after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation\u2014A case report","volume":"25","author":"Rosa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2020-0434","article-title":"Coinfection of SARS-CoV-2 and multiple respiratory pathogens in children","volume":"58","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jose, P.-M.M., Paola, Z.-S., Eduardo, D.-G., Arturo, S.-M.M.O., and Fernando, B.-G. (2021). A case of coinfection of a pediatric patient with acute SARS-COV-2 with MIS-C and severe DENV-2 in Mexico: A case report. BMC Infect. Dis., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06765-6"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2020.181","article-title":"The first pediatric patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Japan; The risk of co-infection with other respiratory viruses","volume":"181","author":"Kakuya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.14314","article-title":"Coinfection in SARS-CoV-2 infected children patients","volume":"15","author":"Karaaslan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dev. Ctries."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e105591","DOI":"10.5812\/pedinfect.105591","article-title":"COVID-19 and chickenpox as a viral co-infection in a 12-year-old patient, a case report","volume":"8","author":"Karimi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Pediatr. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1007\/s11845-021-02714-z","article-title":"Herpes simplex and herpes zoster viruses in COVID-19 patients","volume":"191","author":"Katz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ir. J. Med Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fmaa080","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmaa080","article-title":"A Case Study of Dual Infection of Dengue and COVID-19: Presenting as Multiorgan Dysfunction in an Infant","volume":"67","author":"Kazi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Trop. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27460","article-title":"Evaluation of human coronavirus OC43 and SARS-COV-2 in children with respiratory tract infection during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"94","author":"Pourakbari","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1097\/EC9.0000000000000039","article-title":"A case report on disseminated tuberculosis in the setting of coronavirus disease 2019: Cause or consequence?","volume":"2","author":"Khataniar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lambrou, M., Antari, V., Totikidis, G., Papadimitriou, E., Roilides, E., and Papakonstantinou, E. (2022). Coinfections and pulmonary embo-lism in a patient with onset of Leukemia concomitantly with COVID19-Case report. J. Clin. Case Rep. Med. Imag. Health Sci., 1, Available online: https:\/\/jmedcasereportsimages.org\/articles\/JCRMHS-1004.pdf.","DOI":"10.55920\/JCRMHS.2022.01.001004"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2020.08.001","article-title":"Pleuropneumonia resulting from varicella and COVID-19 co-infection in a 10-month-old infant","volume":"27","author":"Millardet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. P\u00e9diatrie"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1177","DOI":"10.1097\/MPH.0000000000002064","article-title":"Pediatric acute B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia developing following recent SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"43","author":"Leclercq","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2022.105220","article-title":"Differences in pediatric SARS-CoV-2 symptomology and Co-infection rates among COVID-19 Pandemic waves","volume":"154","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa464","article-title":"Epidemiology of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 emergence amidst community-acquired respiratory viruses","volume":"222","author":"Leuzinger","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.04.001","article-title":"The profile of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets and serum cytokines in children with 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia","volume":"81","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24315","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000024315","article-title":"Co-infections of SARS-CoV-2 with multiple common respiratory pathogens in infected children: A retrospective study","volume":"100","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-020-1668-5","article-title":"Co-infections of SARS-CoV-2 with multiple common respiratory pathogens in infected patients","volume":"63","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. China Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"290","article-title":"Clinical features of children with SARS-CoV-2 infection: An analysis of 115 cases","volume":"22","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. J. Contemp. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1080\/23744235.2021.1995628","article-title":"Pneumonia, gastrointestinal symptoms, comorbidities, and coinfections as factors related to a lengthier hospital stay in children with COVID-19\u2014Analysis of a paediatric part of Polish register SARSTer","volume":"54","author":"Mania","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piaa070","article-title":"Characteristics of hospitalized pediatric coronavirus disease 2019 cases in Chicago, Illinois, March\u2013April 2020","volume":"9","author":"Mannheim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. Soc."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"e7520","article-title":"First Case of an Infant with COVID-19 in the Middle East","volume":"12","author":"Mansour","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27472","article-title":"Severe neonatal COVID-19: Challenges in management and therapeutic approach","volume":"94","author":"Marsico","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2020.06.047","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection in infants less than 90 days old","volume":"224","author":"Mithal","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammadi, M., Bid-Hendi, S., Baghershiroodi, M., Chehrazi, M., Yahyapour, Y., GouranOurimi, A., and Sadeghi, F. (2022). Detection of Human Adenovirus among Iranian Pediatric Hospitalized Patients Suspected to COVID-19 Epidemiology and Comparison of Clinical Features. Res. Sq.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-1609100\/v1"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myab057","article-title":"Auris and non-C. auris candidemia in hospitalized adult and pediatric COVID-19 patients; single center data from Pakistan","volume":"59","author":"Moin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2020.05.004","article-title":"Child with liver transplant recovers from COVID-19 infection. A case report","volume":"27","author":"Morand","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. P\u00e9diatrie"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e140","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000002738","article-title":"COVID-19 in neonates and infants: Progression and recovery","volume":"39","author":"Ng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2198","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.24916","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 and Streptococcus pneumoniae coinfection as a cause of severe pneumonia in an infant","volume":"55","author":"Ecclesia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oba, J., Silva, C.A., Toma, R.K., and Carvalho WBd Delgado, A.F. (2020). COVID-19 and coinfection with Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile in an infant with gastrointestinal manifestation. Einstein, 18.","DOI":"10.31744\/einstein_journal\/2020RC6048"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ogunbayo, A.E., Mogotsi, M.T., Sondlane, H., Nkwadipo, K.R., Sabiu, S., and Nyaga, M.M. (2022). Pathogen Profile of Children Hospitalised with Severe Acute Respiratory Infections during COVID-19 Pandemic in the Free State Province, South Africa. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191610418"},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"Palmero, D., Levi, A., Casco, N., Gonz\u00e1lez, N., Gonz\u00e1lez, C., Pizarro, M., Poropat, A., Tullas, M., and Jajati, M. (2020). COVID-19 y tuberculosis en 5 hospitales de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Rev. Am. Med. Respir., 251\u2013254."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1177\/0009922820920014","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection in a 2-week-old male with neutropenia","volume":"59","author":"Patek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2020.104425","article-title":"Coronavirus disease 2019 in children: Characteristics, antimicrobial treatment, and outcomes","volume":"128","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-021-03947-x","article-title":"Viral co-infections among SARS-CoV-2-infected children and infected adult household contacts","volume":"180","author":"Pigny","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2020.108613","article-title":"Mycoplasma infection may complicate the clinical course of SARS-Co-V-2 associated Kawasaki-like disease in children","volume":"221","author":"Plebani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5760","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-85340-0","article-title":"Comparison of clinical severity and epidemiological spectrum between coronavirus disease 2019 and influenza in children","volume":"11","author":"Talarek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934648","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.934648","article-title":"Clinical Manifestations and Complications of Children With COVID-19 Compared to Other Respiratory Viral Infections: A Cohort Inpatient Study from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"10","author":"Venceslau","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rastogi, S., Gala, F., Kulkarni, S., and Gavali, V. (2022). Neurological and Neuroradiological Patterns with COVID-19 Infection in Children: A Single Institutional Study. Indian J. Radiol. Imaging, 3.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1755250"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-021-03701-z","article-title":"Co-Infection of Dengue Fever with COVID-19 in a Child with MIS-C","volume":"88","author":"Ratageri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fmab073","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmab073","article-title":"Covid-19 and Co-Infection in Children: The Indian Perspectives","volume":"67","author":"Raychaudhuri","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Trop. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Said, K.B., Alsolami, A., Moussa, S., Alfouzan, F., Bashir, A.I., Rashidi, M., Aborans, R., Taha, T.E., Almansour, H., and Alazmi, M. (2022). COVID-19 Clinical Profiles and Fatality Rates in Hospitalized Patients Reveal Case Aggravation and Selective Co-Infection by Limited Gram-Negative Bacteria. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Heal., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19095270"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanchez Solano, N., and Sharma, P. (2022, January 17). MRSA and COVID-19 Co-Infection in a Pediatric Patient with Tracheitis: A Rare Association. Proceedings of the C62. Expanding Our Insight Into COVID-19, San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm-conference.2022.205.1_MeetingAbstracts.A4553"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-021-01522-2","article-title":"Assessment of dengue and COVID-19 antibody rapid diagnostic tests cross-reactivity in Indonesia","volume":"18","author":"Santoso","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schober, T., Caya, C., Barton, M., Bayliss, A., Bitnun, A., Bowes, J., Brenes-Chacon, H., Bullard, J., Cooke, S., and Dewan, T. (2022). Risk factors for severe PCR-positive SARS-CoV-2 infection in hospitalised children. BMJ Paediatr. Open, 6.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjpo-2022-001440"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.03.049","article-title":"COVID-19: Four paediatric cases in Malaysia","volume":"94","author":"See","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.15090","article-title":"COVID-19 and Mycoplasma pneumoniae: SARS-CoV-2 false positive or coinfection?","volume":"59","author":"Serrano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e04233","DOI":"10.1002\/ccr3.4233","article-title":"New disease and old threats: A case series of COVID-19 and tuberculosis coinfection in Saudi Arabia","volume":"9","author":"Shabrawishi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1177\/0009922820920016","article-title":"Severe pneumonia due to SARS-CoV-2 and respiratory syncytial virus infection: A case report","volume":"59","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.14740\/jmc3628","article-title":"Anesthetic Management of a Child with Propionic Acidemia Complicated by Bacteremia and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2","volume":"12","author":"Sibulo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Cases"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.5152\/TurkArchPediatr.2022.21350","article-title":"Distribution of Viral Respiratory Pathogens During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Single-Center Pediatric Study from Turkey","volume":"57","author":"Appak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Turk. Arch. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-020-00368-y","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection in infants under 1 year of age in Wuhan City, China","volume":"16","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-020-00354-4","article-title":"Clinical features of severe pediatric patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan: A single center\u2019s observational study","volume":"16","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001398","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01398-2020","article-title":"Active tuberculosis, sequelae and COVID-19 co-infection: First cohort of 49 cases","volume":"56","author":"Tadolini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.1346","article-title":"Screening and severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in children in Madrid, Spain","volume":"175","author":"Tagarro","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2020.104353","article-title":"Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of 10 children with coronavirus disease 2019 in Changsha, China","volume":"127","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fmaa032","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmaa032","article-title":"Infant Case of Co-infection with SARS-CoV-2 and Citrobacter koseri Urinary Infection","volume":"67","author":"Tchidjou","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Trop. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e239315","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2020-239315","article-title":"COVID-19 with dengue shock syndrome in a child: Coinfection or cross-reactivity?","volume":"13","author":"Tiwari","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep. CP."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trifonova, I., Christova, I., Madzharova, I., Angelova, S., Voleva, S., Yordanova, R., Tcherveniakova, T., Krumova, S., and Korsun, N. (2022). Clinical significance and role of coinfections with respiratory pathogens among individuals with confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infection. Front. Public Health, 2855.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.959319"},{"key":"ref_124","first-page":"100","article-title":"Coinfecci\u00f3n tuberculosis y COVID-19","volume":"80","author":"Vanzetti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jped.2022.03.003","article-title":"Rhinovirus as the main co-circulating virus during the COVID-19 pandemic in children","volume":"98","author":"Varela","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-022-03364-0","article-title":"Management of severe neonatal respiratory distress due to vertical transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2: A case report","volume":"16","author":"Verheijen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Med. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_127","first-page":"2200483","article-title":"Hepatitis of unknown aetiology in children\u2013epidemiological overview of cases reported in Europe, 1 January to 16 June 2022","volume":"27","author":"Vidal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_128","first-page":"8907944","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 and Streptococcus pneumoniae Coinfection in a Previously Healthy Child","volume":"2021","author":"Vu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Case Rep. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm705152a3","article-title":"Characteristics and clinical outcomes of children and adolescents aged <18 years hospitalized with COVID-19\u2014Six hospitals, United States, July\u2013August 2021","volume":"70","author":"Wanga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1163-7385","article-title":"Co-infection of SARS CoV-2 and influenza A in a pediatric patient in Germany","volume":"232","author":"Wehl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Klin. P\u00e4diatrie"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20200961","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-0961","article-title":"Coinfection and other clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in children","volume":"146","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.24718","article-title":"Clinical and CT features in pediatric patients with COVID-19 infection: Different points from adults","volume":"55","author":"Xia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.12.358","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection in children in Moscow in 2020: Clinical features and impact on circulation of other respiratory viruses: SARS-CoV-2 infection in children in Moscow in 2020","volume":"116","author":"Yakovlev","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.0878","article-title":"Neonatal early-onset infection with SARS-CoV-2 in 33 neonates born to mothers with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China","volume":"174","author":"Zeng","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, C., Gu, J., Chen, Q., Deng, N., Li, J., Huang, L., and Zhou, X. (2020). Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of pediatric SARS-CoV-2 infections in China: A multicenter case series. PLoS Med., 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003130"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2020.1221","article-title":"Characterizing coinfection in children with COVID-19: A dual center retrospective analysis","volume":"42","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Control. Hosp. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s11596-020-2172-6","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of children with coronavirus disease 2019 in Hubei, China","volume":"40","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.05.041","article-title":"Co-infection of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus in early stage of the COVID-19 epidemic in Wuhan, China","volume":"81","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198005","article-title":"Co-infection with respiratory pathogens among COVID-2019 cases","volume":"285","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2020.00341","article-title":"Are they just two children COVID-19 cases confused with flu?","volume":"8","author":"Zou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alhumaid, S., Al Mutair, A., Al Alawi, Z., Alshawi, A.M., Alomran, S.A., Almuhanna, M.S., Almuslim, A.A., Bu Shafia, A.H., Alotaibi, A.M., and Ahmed, G.Y. (2021). Coinfections with bacteria, fungi, and respiratory viruses in patients with SARS-CoV-2: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10070809"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109842","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109842","article-title":"Reflection on lower rates of COVID-19 in children: Does childhood immunizations offer unexpected protection?","volume":"143","author":"Lyu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-020-00392-y","article-title":"Why COVID-19 is less frequent and severe in children: A narrative review","volume":"17","author":"Sinaei","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-021-01037-9","article-title":"Pre-activated antiviral innate immunity in the upper airways controls early SARS-CoV-2 infection in children","volume":"40","author":"Loske","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-00826-9","article-title":"Distinct antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in children and adults across the COVID-19 clinical spectrum","volume":"22","author":"Weisberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-020-03496-7","article-title":"How kids\u2019 immune systems can evade COVID","volume":"588","author":"Nogrady","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2427","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.8707","article-title":"Nasal gene expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in children and adults","volume":"323","author":"Bunyavanich","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Musuuza, J.S., Watson, L., Parmasad, V., Putman-Buehler, N., Christensen, L., and Safdar, N. (2021). Prevalence and outcomes of co-infection and superinfection with SARS-CoV-2 and other pathogens: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0251170"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.07.016","article-title":"Bacterial co-infection and secondary infection in patients with COVID-19: A living rapid review and meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Langford","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.05.046","article-title":"Co-infections in people with COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"81","author":"Lansbury","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Committee on Infectious Diseases (2009). From the American Academy of Pediatrics: Policy statements--Modified recommendations for use of palivizumab for prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infections. Pediatrics, 124, 1694\u20131701.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-2345"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000002291","article-title":"The clinical presentation of pediatric Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections\u2014A single center cohort","volume":"38","author":"Gordon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0804877","article-title":"The burden of respiratory syncytial virus infection in young children","volume":"360","author":"Hall","year":"2009","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1413456","article-title":"Viral bronchiolitis in children","volume":"374","author":"Meissner","year":"2016","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30938-8","article-title":"Global, regional, and national disease burden estimates of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in young children in 2015: A systematic review and modelling study","volume":"390","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marino, S., Pavone, P., Marino, L., Nunnari, G., Ceccarelli, M., Coppola, C., Distefano, C., and Falsaperla, R. (2022). SARS-CoV-2: The Impact of Co-Infections with Particular Reference to Mycoplasma pneumonia\u2014A Clinical Review. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10101936"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2019.3602","article-title":"Frequency and clinical presentation of mucocutaneous disease due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in children with community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"156","author":"Sauteur","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3345\/kjp.2012.55.2.42","article-title":"Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in children","volume":"55","author":"Youn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Korean J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Huang, Y., Ai, T., Luo, J., and Liu, H. (2021). Effect of COVID-19 on childhood Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in Chengdu, China. BMC Pediatr., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-021-02679-z"},{"key":"ref_160","first-page":"2100746","article-title":"Mycoplasma pneumoniae detections before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: Results of a global survey, 2017 to 2021","volume":"27","author":"Sauteur","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100630","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.29.2100630","article-title":"Characteristics of the delayed respiratory syncytial virus epidemic, 2020\/2021, Rh\u00f4ne Loire, France","volume":"26","author":"Casalegno","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001600","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.29.2001600","article-title":"Decline of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus detection in facility-based surveillance during the COVID-19 pandemic, South Africa, January to October 2020","volume":"26","author":"Tempia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21157-9","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 nonpharmaceutical interventions on influenza and other respiratory viral infections in New Zealand","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2884","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-30485-3","article-title":"Off-season RSV epidemics in Australia after easing of COVID-19 restrictions","volume":"13","author":"Eden","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2021.09.010","article-title":"The epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and macrolide susceptibility of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in children in Southern Taiwan, 2019\u20132020","volume":"55","author":"Kuo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021052089","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2021-052089","article-title":"Delayed seasonal RSV surge observed during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"148","author":"Agha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2021-323375","article-title":"Examining the interseasonal resurgence of respiratory syncytial virus in Western Australia","volume":"107","author":"Foley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, Y., Cheng, Y., Dai, S., Hou, D., Ge, M., Zhang, Y., Fan, L., Pei, Y., Yu, L., and Xue, G. (2022). The Prevalence of Mycoplasma Pneumoniae Among Children in Beijing Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 457.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.854505"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00383-X","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 co-infection with influenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus, or adenoviruses","volume":"399","author":"Swets","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_170","first-page":"05040","article-title":"The role of respiratory co-infection with influenza or respiratory syncytial virus in the clinical severity of COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Authorea Prepr."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.319","article-title":"COVID-19 in two infants in China","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immun. Inflamm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_172","first-page":"e24563","article-title":"The Severity of the Co-infection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in COVID-19 Patients","volume":"14","author":"Rangroo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37037","DOI":"10.1038\/srep37037","article-title":"Cytokines as the good predictors of refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in school-aged children","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2004.01.001","article-title":"Cytokines in Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.03.00048103","article-title":"Pro-and anti-inflammatory responses in respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis","volume":"23","author":"McNamara","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e878","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-2119","article-title":"T helper 1\/T helper 2 cytokine imbalance in respiratory syncytial virus infection is associated with increased endogenous plasma cortisol","volume":"117","author":"Pinto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30158-4","article-title":"Covert COVID-19 and false-positive dengue serology in Singapore","volume":"20","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luvira, V., Leaungwutiwong, P., Thippornchai, N., Thawornkuno, C., Chatchen, S., Chancharoenthana, W., Tandhavanant, S., Muangnoicharoen, S., Piyaphanee, W., and Chantratita, N. (2022). False Positivity of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Patients with Acute Tropical Diseases in Thailand. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7070132"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grau, S., Hern\u00e1ndez, S., Echeverr\u00eda-Esnal, D., Almendral, A., Ferrer, R., Lim\u00f3n, E., Horcajada, J.P., and (Vincat-Proa), O.B.O.T.C.I.C.A.S.P. (2021). Antimicrobial Consumption among 66 Acute Care Hospitals in Catalonia: Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10080943"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.05.013","article-title":"Co-infections among patients with COVID-19: The need for combination therapy with non-anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents?","volume":"53","author":"Lai","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100093","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cscee.2021.100093","article-title":"Coalescence of co-infection and antimicrobial resistance with SARS-CoV-2 infection: The blues of post-COVID-19 world","volume":"3","author":"Mazumder","year":"2021","journal-title":"Case Stud. Chem. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778386","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.778386","article-title":"Increased use of antibiotics in the intensive care unit during coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic in a brazilian hospital","volume":"12","author":"Silva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mah-E-Muneer, S., Hassan, M.Z., Biswas, M.A.A.J., Rahman, F., Akhtar, Z., Das, P., Islam, M.A., and Chowdhury, F. (2021). Use of antimicrobials among suspected COVID-19 patients at selected hospitals, Bangladesh: Findings from the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10060738"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed, N., Khan, M., Saleem, W., Karobari, M.I., Mohamed, R.N., Heboyan, A., Rabaan, A.A., Mutair, A.A., Alhumaid, S., and Alsadiq, S.A. (2022). Evaluation of bi-lateral co-infections and antibiotic resistance rates among COVID-19 patients. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11020276"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-022-01052-8","article-title":"The challenge of preventing and containing outbreaks of multidrug-resistant organisms and Candida auris during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: Report of a carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii outbreak and a systematic review of the literature","volume":"11","author":"Thoma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2020.1223","article-title":"Hospital-onset Clostridioides difficile infections during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"42","author":"Luo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Control. Hosp. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Temperoni, C., Caiazzo, L., and Barchiesi, F. (2021). High prevalence of antibiotic resistance among opportunistic pathogens isolated from patients with COVID-19 under mechanical ventilation: Results of a single-center study. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10091080"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinez-Guerra, B.A., Gonzalez-Lara, M.F., de-Leon-Cividanes, N.A., Tamez-Torres, K.M., Roman-Montes, C.M., Rajme-Lopez, S., Villalobos-Zapata, G.I., Lopez-Garcia, N.I., Mart\u00ednez-Gamboa, A., and Sifuentes-Osornio, J. (2021). Antimicrobial resistance patterns and antibiotic use during hospital conversion in the COVID-19 pandemic. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10020182"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s12302-021-00456-4","article-title":"High concentration and high dose of disinfectants and antibiotics used during the COVID-19 pandemic threaten human health","volume":"33","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Eur."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-06219-8","article-title":"Bacterial and fungal superinfections in critically ill patients with COVID-19","volume":"46","author":"Bassetti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104941","article-title":"Microbial co-infections in COVID-19: Associated microbiota and underlying mechanisms of pathogenesis","volume":"156","author":"Hoque","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s12281-014-0175-0","article-title":"Rare fungal infections in children: An updated review of the literature","volume":"8","author":"Pana","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Fungal Infect. Rep."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noni, M., Stathi, A., Velegraki, A., Malamati, M., Kalampaliki, A., Zachariadou, L., and Michos, A. (2020). Rare invasive yeast infections in greek neonates and children, a retrospective 12-year study. J. Fungi, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof6040194"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-7406.72131","article-title":"Emerging fungal infections among children: A review on its clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and prevention","volume":"2","author":"Jain","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e38","DOI":"10.1086\/655698","article-title":"Risk factors and predictors for candidemia in pediatric intensive care unit patients: Implications for prevention","volume":"51","author":"Zaoutis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e40","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000000039","article-title":"Active surveillance of candidemia in children from Latin America: A key requirement for improving disease outcome","volume":"33","author":"Santolaya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/7\/11\/380\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:18:32Z","timestamp":1760145512000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/7\/11\/380"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]]},"references-count":196,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["tropicalmed7110380"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/tropicalmed7110380","relation":{},"ISSN":["2414-6366"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2414-6366","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]]}}}