{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T23:57:10Z","timestamp":1792195030702,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]],"date-time":"2022-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669680000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Rabies is caused by a virus belonging to the genus Lyssavirus and family Rhabdoviridae, which can infect any mammal including humans. Hematophagous, fructivorous, and insectivorous bats have become the main reservoir of sylvatic rabies in Latin America. In the sylvatic cycle, hematophagous bats are usually the main reservoir. In contrast, dogs and cats fulfil this critical role in the urban cycle. However, in rural areas, the most affected animals are bovines. They show clinical signs such as behavioural changes, hypersalivation, muscle tremors, spasms caused by extensive damage to the central nervous system, and death from respiratory paralysis. Objective: To describe the spatiotemporal distribution of bovine rabies in Colombia from 2005 to 2019. Methods: Retrospective cross-sectional descriptive observational study, based on the monthly reports of the Colombian Agricultural Institute (ICA) on the surveillance of bovine rabies in Colombia from 2005 to 2019, retrieved from its official website. The data were converted to databases in Microsoft Access 365\u00ae. Multiple epidemiological maps were developed with the GIS software Kosmo RC1\u00ae 3.0 coupled to the shape files (.shp) of all the country\u2019s municipalities. Results: During the study period, 4888 cases of rabies were confirmed in cattle, ranging from a peak of 542 cases (11.1%) in 2014 to 43 in 2019 (0.88%). From 2014 to 2019, there has been a significant reduction in the annual national number of cases (r2 = 0.9509, p &lt; 0.05). In 2019, 32.6% of the cases occurred in January, and 48.8% occurred in the department of Sucre. In 2009, the maximum number of spatial clusters (13) occurred in the Orinoquia region, where other clusters were also identified in 2005, 2006 and 2008. In 2018, 98 outbreaks were identified that led to the death of cattle and other animals, 28.6% of them in the department of Sucre. In the first half of 2019, of 38 outbreaks, 55.2% were identified in Sucre. Conclusions: It is necessary to review the current national program for the prevention and control of rabies in cattle, incorporating concepts from the ecology of bats, as well as the prediction of contagion waves of geographical and temporal spread in the context of the OneHealth Approach. Sylvatic rabies remains a threat in Colombia that requires further study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7120406","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]],"date-time":"2022-11-29T01:42:02Z","timestamp":1669686122000},"page":"406","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Mapping the Spatiotemporal Distribution of Bovine Rabies in Colombia, 2005\u20132019"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"D. Katterine","family":"Bonilla-Aldana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit, Universidad Continental, Huancayo 12000, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. Daniela","family":"Jimenez-Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fundaci\u00f3n Universitaria Aut\u00f3noma de las Am\u00e9ricas, Pereira 660003, Risaralda, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2896-1407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshuan J.","family":"Barboza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vicerrectorado de Investigaci\u00f3n, Universidad Norbert Wiener, Lima 15046, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9773-2192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfonso J.","family":"Rodriguez-Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Cient\u00edfica del Sur, Lima 15024, Peru"},{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundaci\u00f3n Universitaria Aut\u00f3noma de las Am\u00e9ricas, Pereira 660003, Risaralda, Colombia"},{"name":"Instituci\u00f3n Universitaria Visi\u00f3n de las Am\u00e9ricas, Pereira 660003, Risaralda, Colombia"},{"name":"Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut P.O. Box 13-5053, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2014.10.013","article-title":"Rabies in Greece; historical perspectives in view of the current re-emergence in wild and domestic animals","volume":"12","author":"Tsiodras","year":"2014","journal-title":"Travel Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681423","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.681423","article-title":"Serological Surveillance of Rabies in Free-Range and Captive Common Vampire Bats Desmodus rotundus","volume":"8","author":"Megid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2017.1343516","article-title":"Rabies\u2014Epidemiology, pathogenesis, public health concerns and advances in diagnosis and control: A comprehensive review","volume":"37","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Q."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1590\/S1020-49892013000100002","article-title":"Distribuci\u00f3n geogr\u00e1fica del riesgo de rabia de origen silvestre y evaluaci\u00f3n de los factores asociados con su incidencia en Colombia, 1982\u20132010","volume":"33","author":"Sierra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Panam. Salud. Publica"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.17151\/biosa.2016.15.1.3","article-title":"Presencia de virus r\u00e1bico en murci\u00e9lagos hemat\u00f3fagos encolombia (ci\u00e9naga de oro y sahag\u00fan, c\u00f3rdoba)","volume":"15","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosalud"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22799036221129373","DOI":"10.1177\/22799036221129373","article-title":"Rabies prevention and control practices and associated factors among dog owners in Chiro, West Hararghe, Ethiopia","volume":"11","author":"Ahmed","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Public Health Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5942693","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/5942693","article-title":"Rabies Elimination: Is It Feasible without Considering Wildlife?","volume":"2022","author":"Acharya","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"302","article-title":"Murci\u00e9lagos hemat\u00f3fagos como reservorios de la rabia","volume":"31","author":"Scheffer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Peru Med. Exp. Salud Publica"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"87","article-title":"Derriengue (Rabia paral\u00edtica bovina) y el murci\u00e9lago hemat\u00f3fago","volume":"XXIII","author":"Buenrostro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cienc. Mar."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.37.2.2808","article-title":"Rabies virus vectors and reservoir species","volume":"37","author":"Gilbert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech. (Int. Off. Epizoot.)"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mantovan, K.B., Menozzi, B.D., Paiz, L.M., Sev\u00e1, A.P., Brand\u00e3o, P.E., and Langoni, H. (2022). Geographic Distribution of Common Vampire Bat Desmodus rotundus (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) Shelters: Implications for the Spread of Rabies Virus to Cattle in Southeastern Brazil. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11080942"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"360","article-title":"Rabies in cattle. III. Comparative studies on vaccination of cattle in Colombia with Flury virus and chloroform-inactivated vaccine","volume":"127","author":"Gomez","year":"1955","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2022.07.008","article-title":"Rabies in a Captive Lowland Tapir (Tapirus terrestris)","volume":"198","author":"Pereira","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"20220860","article-title":"Ecological determinants of rabies virus dynamics in vampire bats and spillover to livestock","volume":"289","author":"Meza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taylor, E., Aguilar-Ancori, E.G., Banyard, A.C., Abel, I., Mantini-Briggs, C., Briggs, C.L., Carrillo, C., Gavidia, C.M., Castillo-Neyra, R., and Parola, A.D. (2022). The Amazonian Tropical Bites Research Initiative, a hope for resolving zoonotic neglected tropical diseases in the One Health era. Int. Health, ihac048.","DOI":"10.1093\/inthealth\/ihac048"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(81)90143-7","article-title":"Rabies serum neutralizing antibody in mongooses from Grenada","volume":"75","author":"Everard","year":"1981","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S610","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/10.Supplement_4.S610","article-title":"Mongoose rabies","volume":"10","author":"Everard","year":"1988","journal-title":"Rev. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.3390\/v6051911","article-title":"Vampire bat rabies: Ecology, epidemiology and control","volume":"6","author":"Johnson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"203","article-title":"Analysis of a program for the prevention and control of wild rabies and its role in the number of cattle outbreaks during years 2001 to 2011","volume":"9","year":"2014","journal-title":"CES Med. Vet. Y Zootec."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1002\/vetr.2288","article-title":"Should all travelling dogs be tested for rabies?","volume":"191","author":"Loeb","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1002\/vetr.2286","article-title":"Rabies risk is very real","volume":"191","author":"Loeb","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"3","article-title":"Murci\u00e9lagos del \u00e1rea urbana en la ciudad de Monter\u00eda, C\u00f3rdoba\u2014Colombia","volume":"17","author":"Ballesteros","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. MVZ Cordoba"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario (I.C.A.) (2022, October 03). Censo Pecuario Nacional, Inst. Colomb. Agropecu. ICA, Available online: https:\/\/www.ica.gov.co\/areas\/pecuaria\/servicios\/epidemiologia-veterinaria\/censos-2016\/censo-2018."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-019-0308-y","article-title":"Frugivorous bats in the Colombian Caribbean region are reservoirs of the rabies virus","volume":"18","author":"Calderon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.18899-0","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of rabies epizootics in Colombia: Evidence for human and dog rabies associated with bats","volume":"84","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"387","article-title":"Outbreaks of human rabies transmitted by vampire bats in Alto Baud\u00f3 and Bajo Baud\u00f3 municipalities, department of choc\u00f3, Colombia, 2004\u20132005","volume":"26","author":"Valderrama","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomed. Rev. Inst. Nac. Salud"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"17","article-title":"Dos casos de encefalitis r\u00e1bica en el distrito de Santa Marta, departamento de Magdalena","volume":"12","author":"Goenaga","year":"2007","journal-title":"Minist. Protecci\u00f3n Soc.-Inst. Nac. Salud"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meske, M., Fanelli, A., Rocha, F., Awada, L., Soto, P.C., Mapitse, N., and Tizzani, P. (2021). Evolution of Rabies in South America and Inter-Species Dynamics (2009\u20132018). Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed6020098"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"8","article-title":"Geographic distribution of wild rabies risk and evaluation of the factors associated with its incidence in Colombia, 1982\u20132010","volume":"33","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Panam. Salud Publica Pan Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1590\/S0124-00642010000300003","article-title":"The epidemiology of canine rabies in Colombia","volume":"12","author":"Cediel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Salud Publica (Bogota Colomb.)"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"152","article-title":"Human rabies encephalitis caused by bat bite in a urban area in Colombia","volume":"30","author":"Badillo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomedica"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"1","article-title":"Reporte de casos de rabia humana. Santander, 2008\u20132010","volume":"4","year":"2010","journal-title":"Inf. Epidemiol. Santander"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649240","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.649240","article-title":"A Survey on One Health Approach in Colombia and Some Latin American Countries: From a Fragmented Health Organization to an Integrated Health Response to Global Challenges","volume":"9","author":"Tomassone","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arias Caicedo, M.R., Xavier, D.A., Arias Caicedo, C.A., Andrade, E., and Abel, I. (2019). Epidemiological scenarios for human rabies exposure notified in Colombia during ten years: A challenge to implement surveillance actions with a differential approach on vulnerable populations. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0213120"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12995","article-title":"Use of antibiotics in patients who were attacked by animals that can transmit rabies","volume":"69","year":"2022","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e09703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e09703","article-title":"Of love and other demons: Depicting human rabies in Colombia","volume":"8","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ecoepidemiological and Social Factors Related to Rabies Incidence in Venezuela during 2002\u20132004","volume":"2","author":"Rifakis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Biomed. Sci. IJBS"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2014.11.003","article-title":"Zoonoses and travel medicine: \"One world\u2014one health\"","volume":"12","author":"Schlagenhauf","year":"2014","journal-title":"Travel Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cabrera, M., Leake, J., Naranjo-Torres, J., Valero, N., Cabrera, J.C., and Rodr\u00edguez-Morales, A.J. (2022). Dengue Prediction in Latin America Using Machine Learning and the One Health Perspective: A Literature Review. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7100322"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2020.100161","article-title":"One-health approach: A best possible way to control rabies","volume":"10","author":"Acharya","year":"2020","journal-title":"One Health (Amst. Neth.)"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2019.100103","article-title":"Impact of One-Health framework on vaccination cost-effectiveness: A case study of rabies in Ethiopia","volume":"8","author":"Beyene","year":"2019","journal-title":"One Health (Amst. Neth.)"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.37.2.2815","article-title":"Rabies prevention: The role of serology in parenteral vaccination of companion animals and livestock","volume":"37","author":"Moore","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech. (Int. Off. Epizoot.)"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"151","article-title":"Assessment of the efficacy of oral vaccination of livestock guardian dogs in the framework of oral rabies vaccination of wild canids in Israel","volume":"131","author":"Yakobson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2019.104809","article-title":"The common vampire bat Desmodus rotundus (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) and the transmission of the rabies virus to livestock: A contact network approach and recommendations for surveillance and control","volume":"174","author":"Rocha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.37.2.2806","article-title":"Rabies in dogs, livestock and wildlife: A veterinary perspective","volume":"37","author":"Mbilo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech. (Int. Off. Epizoot.)"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.08.050","article-title":"Bats in ecosystems and their Wide spectrum of viral infectious potential threats: SARS-CoV-2 and other emerging viruses","volume":"102","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/7\/12\/406\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:28:54Z","timestamp":1760146134000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/7\/12\/406"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["tropicalmed7120406"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/tropicalmed7120406","relation":{},"ISSN":["2414-6366"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2414-6366","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]]}}}