{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T23:30:17Z","timestamp":1791502217382,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Plasmodium knowlesi, a malaria parasite that occurs naturally in long-tailed macaques, pig-tailed macaques, and banded leaf monkeys, is currently regarded as the fifth of the human malaria parasites. We aimed to investigate genetic diversity based on the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene, detect Plasmodium parasites, and screen for the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC)-mutation-mediated knockdown resistance (kdr) of Anopheles mosquitoes in Ranong province, which is the most P. knowlesi-endemic area in Thailand. One hundred and fourteen Anopheles females belonging to eight species, including An. baimaii (21.05%), An. minimus s.s. (20.17%), An. epiroticus (19.30%), An. jamesii (19.30%), An. maculatus s.s. (13.16%), An. barbirostris A3 (5.26%), An. sawadwongporni (0.88%), and An. aconitus (0.88%), were caught in three geographical regions of Ranong province. None of the Anopheles mosquitoes sampled in this study were infected with Plasmodium parasites. Based on the sequence analysis of COI sequences, An. epiroticus had the highest level of nucleotide diversity (0.012), followed by An. minimus (0.011). In contrast, An. maculatus (0.002) had the lowest level of nucleotide diversity. The Fu\u2019s Fs and Tajima\u2019s D values of the Anopheles species in Ranong were all negative, except the Tajima\u2019s D values of An. minimus (0.077). Screening of VGSC sequences showed no presence of the kdr mutation of Anopheles mosquitoes. Our results could be used to further select effective techniques for controlling Anopheles populations in Thailand\u2019s most P. knowlesi-endemic area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7120412","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T05:03:18Z","timestamp":1669870998000},"page":"412","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Genetic Diversity, Haplotype Relationships, and kdr Mutation of Malaria Anopheles Vectors in the Most Plasmodium knowlesi-Endemic Area of Thailand"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9585-4241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tanawat","family":"Chaiphongpachara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Health Promotion, College of Allied Health Sciences, Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University, Samut Songkhram 75000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sedthapong","family":"Laojun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Health Promotion, College of Allied Health Sciences, Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University, Samut Songkhram 75000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3526-9961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tanasak","family":"Changbunjong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pre-Clinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand"},{"name":"The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals (MoZWE), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2665-4657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suchada","family":"Sumruayphol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nantana","family":"Suwandittakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Health Promotion, College of Allied Health Sciences, Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University, Samut Songkhram 75000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sakultip","family":"Chookaew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Borne Disease Control Center 11.5, Ranong 85000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuppayong","family":"Atta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Borne Disease Control Center 11.5, Ranong 85000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-3-5","article-title":"History of the discovery of the malaria parasites and their vectors","volume":"3","author":"Cox","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasit. 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