{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T05:24:20Z","timestamp":1767849860757,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,17]],"date-time":"2022-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","award":["U19AI089672"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19AI089672"]}]},{"name":"the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","award":["31860604"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31860604"]}]},{"name":"the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","award":["U1802286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1802286"]}]},{"name":"the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","award":["2018ZF0081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018ZF0081"]}]},{"name":"the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","award":["202003AE140004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202003AE140004"]}]},{"name":"the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","award":["2019J1184"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019J1184"]}]},{"name":"the National Science Foundation of China","award":["U19AI089672"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19AI089672"]}]},{"name":"the National Science Foundation of China","award":["31860604"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31860604"]}]},{"name":"the National Science Foundation of China","award":["U1802286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1802286"]}]},{"name":"the National Science Foundation of China","award":["2018ZF0081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018ZF0081"]}]},{"name":"the National Science Foundation of China","award":["202003AE140004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202003AE140004"]}]},{"name":"the National Science Foundation of China","award":["2019J1184"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019J1184"]}]},{"name":"Major science and technology projects of Yunnan Province","award":["U19AI089672"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19AI089672"]}]},{"name":"Major science and technology projects of Yunnan Province","award":["31860604"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31860604"]}]},{"name":"Major science and technology projects of Yunnan Province","award":["U1802286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1802286"]}]},{"name":"Major science and technology projects of Yunnan Province","award":["2018ZF0081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018ZF0081"]}]},{"name":"Major science and technology projects of Yunnan Province","award":["202003AE140004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202003AE140004"]}]},{"name":"Major science and technology projects of Yunnan Province","award":["2019J1184"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019J1184"]}]},{"name":"International Science and Technology Cooperation\u2014Yunnan International Science and Technology Cooperation Base","award":["U19AI089672"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19AI089672"]}]},{"name":"International Science and Technology Cooperation\u2014Yunnan International Science and Technology Cooperation Base","award":["31860604"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31860604"]}]},{"name":"International Science and Technology Cooperation\u2014Yunnan International Science and Technology Cooperation Base","award":["U1802286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1802286"]}]},{"name":"International Science and Technology Cooperation\u2014Yunnan International Science and Technology Cooperation Base","award":["2018ZF0081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018ZF0081"]}]},{"name":"International Science and Technology Cooperation\u2014Yunnan International Science and Technology Cooperation Base","award":["202003AE140004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202003AE140004"]}]},{"name":"International Science and Technology Cooperation\u2014Yunnan International Science and Technology Cooperation Base","award":["2019J1184"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019J1184"]}]},{"name":"the Education Department Fund of Yunnan Province","award":["U19AI089672"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19AI089672"]}]},{"name":"the Education Department Fund of Yunnan Province","award":["31860604"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31860604"]}]},{"name":"the Education Department Fund of Yunnan Province","award":["U1802286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1802286"]}]},{"name":"the Education Department Fund of Yunnan Province","award":["2018ZF0081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018ZF0081"]}]},{"name":"the Education Department Fund of Yunnan Province","award":["202003AE140004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202003AE140004"]}]},{"name":"the Education Department Fund of Yunnan Province","award":["2019J1184"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019J1184"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) is the epicenter of antimalarial drug resistance. We determined in vitro susceptibilities to 11 drugs of culture-adapted Plasmodium falciparum isolates from adjacent areas (Laiza and Muse) along the China\u2013Myanmar border. Parasites from this region were highly resistant to chloroquine and pyrimethamine but relatively sensitive to other antimalarial drugs. Consistently, the Dd2-like pfcrt mutations were fixed or almost fixed in both parasite populations, and new mutations mediating piperaquine resistance were not identified. Similarly, several mutations related to pfdhfr and pfdhps were also highly prevalent. Despite their geographical proximity, malaria parasites from Laiza showed significantly higher in vitro resistance to artemisinin derivatives, naphthoquine, pyronaridine, lumefantrine, and pyrimethamine than parasites from Muse. Likewise, the pfdhfr N51I, pfdhps A581G, pfmrp1 H785N, and pfk13 F446I mutations were significantly more frequent in Laiza than in Muse (p &lt; 0.05). For the pfmdr1 mutations, Y184F was found only in Laiza (70%), whereas F1226Y was identified only in Muse (31.8%). Parasite isolates from Laiza showed a median RSA value of 5.0%, significantly higher than the 2.4% in Muse. Altogether, P. falciparum parasite populations from neighboring regions in the GMS may diverge substantially in their resistance to several antimalarial drugs. This information about different parasite populations will guide antimalarial treatment policies to effectively manage drug resistance during malaria elimination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7120442","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]],"date-time":"2022-12-19T07:59:21Z","timestamp":1671436761000},"page":"442","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Different In Vitro Drug Susceptibility Profile of Plasmodium falciparum Isolates from Two Adjacent Areas of Northeast Myanmar and Molecular Markers for Drug Resistance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Mengxi","family":"Duan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuang","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yonghua","family":"Ruan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weilin","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaosong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kemin","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenya","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yiman","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9374-6749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Miao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Suite 304, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Myat Phone","family":"Kyaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Myanmar Health Network Organization, Yangon 11181, Myanmar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhaoqing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8338-1974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liwang","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Suite 304, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-2835-6","article-title":"Prospects and strategies for malaria elimination in the Greater Mekong Sub-region: A qualitative study","volume":"18","author":"Kaehler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"WHO|Regional Office for the Western Pacific (2015, May 21). Strategy for Malaria Elimination in the Greater Mekong Subregion: 2015\u20132030. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789290617181."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-021-00882-9","article-title":"China declared malaria-free: A milestone in the world malaria eradication and Chinese public health","volume":"10","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Poverty"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2011.02.016","article-title":"Malaria in the Greater Mekong Subregion: Heterogeneity and complexity","volume":"121","author":"Cui","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-2924-6","article-title":"Increasing trends of malaria in a border area of the Greater Mekong Subregion","volume":"18","author":"Geng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix106","article-title":"Frequent Spread of Plasmodium vivax Malaria Maintains High Genetic Diversity at the Myanmar-China Border, without Distance and Landscape Barriers","volume":"216","author":"Lo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725859","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.725859","article-title":"Unraveling the Complexity of Imported Malaria Infections by Amplicon Deep Sequencing","volume":"11","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.EI10-0013-2016","article-title":"Artemisinin-Resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria","volume":"4","author":"Fairhurst","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01689-16","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01689-16","article-title":"Significant Divergence in Sensitivity to Antimalarial Drugs between Neighboring Plasmodium falciparum Populations along the Eastern Border of Myanmar","volume":"61","author":"Zeng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0029","article-title":"Clinical Efficacy of Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum Malaria at the China-Myanmar Border","volume":"93","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"(2022, November 28). Malaria Clinical Management Guidelines, Ministry of Health, Myanmar. Available online: https:\/\/moh.nugmyanmar.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Malaria_Clinical_Management_Guidelines__June_2022___Ver_1__MOH_NUG_of_Myanmar.pdf."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-1775-2","article-title":"Therapeutic efficacy and artemisinin resistance in northern Myanmar: Evidence from in vivo and molecular marker studies","volume":"16","author":"Myint","year":"2017","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4306","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00321-10","article-title":"In vitro sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum clinical isolates from the China-Myanmar border area to quinine and association with polymorphism in the NA+\/H+ exchanger","volume":"54","author":"Meng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1126\/science.781840","article-title":"Human malaria parasites in continuous culture","volume":"193","author":"Trager","year":"1976","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.5.1803-1806.2004","article-title":"Simple and inexpensive fluorescence-based technique for high-throughput antimalarial drug screening","volume":"48","author":"Smilkstein","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy188","article-title":"Plasmodium falciparum falcipain-2a polymorphisms in Southeast Asia and Their Association with Artemisinin Resistance","volume":"218","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(13)70252-4","article-title":"Novel phenotypic assays for the detection of artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Cambodia: In-vitro and ex-vivo drug-response studies","volume":"13","author":"Witkowski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"317","article-title":"Overview of the improvement of the ring-stage survival assay-a novel phenotypic assay for the detection of artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"38","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Zool. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4935","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.03055-14","article-title":"Plasmodium falciparum founder populations in western Cambodia have reduced artemisinin sensitivity in vitro","volume":"58","author":"Amaratunga","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-03281-x","article-title":"Prevalence of mutations in the Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter, Pfcrt, and association with ex vivo susceptibility to common anti-malarial drugs against African Plasmodium falciparum isolates","volume":"19","author":"Foguim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1703.100870","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant genotypes of Plasmodium falciparum, Myanmar","volume":"17","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-0672-9","article-title":"Prevalence of K13-propeller polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum from China-Myanmar border in 2007\u20132012","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2110","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dku125","article-title":"Plasmodium falciparum multidrug resistance protein 1 (pfmrp1) gene and its association with in vitro drug susceptibility of parasite isolates from north-east Myanmar","volume":"69","author":"Gupta","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1996.55.254","article-title":"In vitro activity of antimalarials against clinical isolates of Plasmodium falciparum in Yaounde, Cameroon","volume":"55","author":"Ringwald","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/42.3.333","article-title":"In-vitro activity of pyronaridine and amodiaquine against African isolates (senegal) of Plasmodium falciparum in comparison with standard antimalarial agents","volume":"42","author":"Pradines","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.43.2.418","article-title":"In vitro activities of benflumetol against 158 Senegalese isolates of Plasmodium falciparum in comparison with those of standard antimalarial drugs","volume":"43","author":"Pradines","year":"1999","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkg294","article-title":"DHFR and DHPS genotypes of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Gabon correlate with in vitro activity of pyrimethamine and cycloguanil, but not with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine treatment efficacy","volume":"52","author":"Aubouy","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02306-12","article-title":"In vitro sensitivities of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from the China-Myanmar border to piperaquine and association with polymorphisms in candidate genes","volume":"57","author":"Hao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2018.05.003","article-title":"Longitudinal surveillance of drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from the China-Myanmar border reveals persistent circulation of multidrug resistant parasites","volume":"8","author":"Bai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Drugs Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3737","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02472-14","article-title":"Polymorphisms in Pfmdr1, Pfcrt, and Pfnhe1 genes are associated with reduced in vitro activities of quinine in plasmodium falciparum isolates from western Kenya","volume":"58","author":"Cheruiyot","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12876","article-title":"A molecular marker of artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria","volume":"505","author":"Ariey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(05)00077-8","article-title":"Mutations in the P. falciparum digestive vacuole transmembrane protein Pfcrt and evidence for their role in chloroquine resistance","volume":"6","author":"Fidock","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1179\/000349803235002489","article-title":"Point mutations in the pfcrt and pfmdr-1 genes of Plasmodium falciparum and clinical response to chloroquine, among malaria patients from Nigeria","volume":"97","author":"Happi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3147","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.8.3147-3152.2005","article-title":"Countrywide survey shows very high prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum multilocus resistance genotypes in Cambodia","volume":"49","author":"Khim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)06201-8","article-title":"Plasmodium falciparum cross-resistance between trimethoprim and pyrimethamine","volume":"358","author":"Iyer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-03176-x","article-title":"Molecular characterization of Plasmodium falciparum antifolate resistance markers in Thailand between 2008 and 2016","volume":"19","author":"Sugaram","year":"2020","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2453","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1513137","article-title":"A Worldwide Map of Plasmodium falciparum K13-Propeller Polymorphisms","volume":"374","author":"Menard","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv249","article-title":"A Single Mutation in K13 Predominates in Southern China and Is Associated with Delayed Clearance of Plasmodium falciparum Following Artemisinin Treatment","volume":"212","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)70032-0","article-title":"Spread of artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum in Myanmar: A cross-sectional survey of the K13 molecular marker","volume":"15","author":"Tun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2396-0","article-title":"Introduction of F446I mutation in the K13 propeller gene leads to increased ring survival rates in Plasmodium falciparum isolates","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6952","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01255-15","article-title":"Artemisinin resistance at the China-Myanmar border and association with mutations in the K13 propeller gene","volume":"59","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2019.04.002","article-title":"In vitro susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from the China-Myanmar border area to artemisinins and correlation with K13 mutations","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Drugs Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01134-19","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01134-19","article-title":"Role of Plasmodium falciparum Kelch 13 Protein Mutations in P. Falciparum Populations from Northeastern Myanmar in Mediating Artemisinin Resistance","volume":"11","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2020","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2854","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkab264","article-title":"Kelch13 mutations in Plasmodium falciparum and risk of spreading in Amazon basin countries","volume":"76","author":"Mathieu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-472","article-title":"Limited polymorphisms in k13 gene in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Dakar, Senegal in 2012\u20132013","volume":"13","author":"Fall","year":"2014","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conrad, M.D., Bigira, V., Kapisi, J., Muhindo, M., Kamya, M.R., Havlir, D.V., Dorsey, G., and Rosenthal, P.J. (2014). Polymorphisms in k13 and falcipain-2 associated with artemisinin resistance are not prevalent in Plasmodium falciparum isolated from Ugandan children. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0105690"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01346-15","article-title":"Emergence of Mutations in the K13 Propeller Gene of Plasmodium falciparum Isolates from Dakar, Senegal, in 2013\u20132014","volume":"60","author":"Boussaroque","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Group, W.K.G.-P.S. (2019). Association of mutations in the Plasmodium falciparum Kelch13 gene (Pf3d7_1343700) with parasite clearance rates after artemisinin-based treatments-a WWARN individual patient data meta-analysis. BMC Med., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-018-1207-3"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-03376-5","article-title":"Efficacy of artemether-lumefantrine for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum cases and molecular surveillance of drug resistance genes in Western Myanmar","volume":"19","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1314981","article-title":"Spread of artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria","volume":"371","author":"Ashley","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu491","article-title":"Independent emergence of artemisinin resistance mutations among Plasmodium falciparum in Southeast Asia","volume":"211","author":"Jacob","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carrara, V.I., Lwin, K.M., Phyo, A.P., Ashley, E., Wiladphaingern, J., Sriprawat, K., Rijken, M., Boel, M., McGready, R., and Proux, S. (2013). Malaria burden and artemisinin resistance in the mobile and migrant population on the Thai-Myanmar border, 1999\u20132011: An observational study. PLoS Med., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001398"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1403007","article-title":"Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine failure in Cambodia","volume":"371","author":"Saunders","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)70049-6","article-title":"Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine failure associated with a triple mutant including kelch13 C580Y in Cambodia: An observational cohort study","volume":"15","author":"Spring","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30552-3","article-title":"Triple artemisinin-based combination therapies versus artemisinin-based combination therapies for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria: A multicentre, open-label, randomised clinical trial","volume":"395","author":"Tripura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-0584-8","article-title":"In vivo monitoring of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine sensitivity in Plasmodium falciparum along the China-Myanmar border of Yunnan Province, China from 2007 to 2013","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02305-20","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02305-20","article-title":"In Vitro Susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum Isolates from the China-Myanmar Border Area to Piperaquine and Association with Candidate Markers","volume":"65","author":"Si","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30415-7","article-title":"A surrogate marker of piperaquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria: A phenotype-genotype association study","volume":"17","author":"Witkowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30409-1","article-title":"Genetic markers associated with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine failure in Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Cambodia: A genotype-phenotype association study","volume":"17","author":"Amato","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30543-2","article-title":"Plasmodium falciparum resistance to piperaquine driven by PfCRT","volume":"19","author":"Dhingra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3314","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05652-0","article-title":"Emerging Southeast Asian PfCRT mutations confer Plasmodium falciparum resistance to the first-line antimalarial piperaquine","volume":"9","author":"Ross","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duru, V., Khim, N., Leang, R., Kim, S., Domergue, A., Kloeung, N., Ke, S., Chy, S., Eam, R., and Khean, C. (2015). Plasmodium falciparum dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine failures in Cambodia are associated with mutant K13 parasites presenting high survival rates in novel piperaquine in vitro assays: Retrospective and prospective investigations. BMC Med., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-015-0539-5"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3189","article-title":"Genetic architecture of artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"47","author":"Miotto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2010.04.001","article-title":"Transporters as mediators of drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"40","author":"Sanchez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16767-6","article-title":"Mefloquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum and increased pfmdr1 gene copy number","volume":"364","author":"Price","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/7\/12\/442\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:43:18Z","timestamp":1760146998000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/7\/12\/442"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,17]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["tropicalmed7120442"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/tropicalmed7120442","relation":{},"ISSN":["2414-6366"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2414-6366","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,17]]}}}