{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T01:26:38Z","timestamp":1783733198394,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]],"date-time":"2023-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministero della Salute, Ricerca Corrente IZSVE 16\/12","award":["B28C13000510001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B28C13000510001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Leptospirosis is one of the most widespread zoonotic diseases and can infect both humans and animals worldwide. The role of the cat as a susceptible host and potential environmental reservoir of Leptospira is still not well understood, due to the lack of obvious clinical signs associated with Leptospira spp. infection in this species. This study aims to describe the first European detection of Leptospira interrogans serogroup Australis ST 24 in a young outdoor cat with a severe comorbidity (feline panleukopenia virus). In addition, the results of a preliminary study conducted in 2014\u20132016 are presented (RC IZSVE 16\/12), which reports an investigation of Leptospira exposure of outdoor cats in Northeast Italy by means of serological investigation and molecular evaluation of urine. The animals included in the survey are part of samples collected during active and passive surveillance (diagnostic samples). The study reported a seroprevalence of 10.5% among outdoor cats and the serogroups identified were Grippotyphosa, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Bratislava, Canicola and Ballum. Symptomatic cats reported high MAT titres (ranging from 1:800 to 1:1600) towards antigens belonging to the serovars Grippotyphosa (1:800), Bratislava (1:1600), Icterohaemorrhagiae (1:200) and Copenhageni (1:200\u20131:800). In one subject, urine tested positive for Leptospira PCR. Cats with high antibody titres for Leptospira and\/or positivity on molecular test suffered from immunosuppressive comorbidities (feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukaemia virus; feline herpesvirus and lymphoma; hyperthyroidism). The overall prevalence of serum antibodies against Leptospira found in free-ranging cats (10.53%, 95% CI: 4.35\u201316.70%) and the identification of L. interrogans ST 24 in a young cat with immunosuppressive disease (feline panleukopenia virus) suggest the possibility of natural resistance to clinical leptospirosis in healthy cats. In a One Health perspective, further studies are needed to better define the pathogenesis of leptospirosis in cats and their epidemiological role as environmental sentinels or possible carriers of pathogenic Leptospira.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed8010054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]],"date-time":"2023-01-11T03:40:35Z","timestamp":1673408435000},"page":"54","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Feline Susceptibility to Leptospirosis and Presence of Immunosuppressive Co-Morbidities: First European Report of L. interrogans Serogroup Australis Sequence Type 24 in a Cat and Survey of Leptospira Exposure in Outdoor Cats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2369-8467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"Mazzotta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Viale dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 10, 35020 Legnaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9821-7037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabrita","family":"De Zan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Viale dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 10, 35020 Legnaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7930-4669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monia","family":"Cocchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Viale dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 10, 35020 Legnaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6252-9848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Beatrice","family":"Boniotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Centre for Animal Leptospirosis (NRCL), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna \u201cBruno Ubertini\u201d, Via Bianchi 7\/9, 25121 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1082-982X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Bertasio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Centre for Animal Leptospirosis (NRCL), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna \u201cBruno Ubertini\u201d, Via Bianchi 7\/9, 25121 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1935-5146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tommaso","family":"Furlanello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Clinic and Laboratory San Marco, Viale dell\u2019Industria, 35030 Veggiano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4255-9024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Lucchese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Viale dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 10, 35020 Legnaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6056-7821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Letizia","family":"Ceglie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Viale dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 10, 35020 Legnaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7809-0331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Bellinati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Viale dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 10, 35020 Legnaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2104-4531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alda","family":"Natale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Viale dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 10, 35020 Legnaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vincent, A.T., Schiettekatte, O., Goarant, C., Neela, V.K., Bernet, E., Thibeaux, R., Ismail, N., Mohd Khalid, M.K.N., Amran, F., and Masuzawa, T. (2019). Revisiting the Taxonomy and Evolution of Pathogenicity of the Genus Leptospira through the Prism of Genomics. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007270"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prescott, J.F., Rycroft, A.N., Boyce, J.D., MacInnes, J.I., Van Immerseel, F., and V\u00e1zquez-Boland, J.A. (2022). \u00a0Leptospira. Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections in Animals, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119754862"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) (2022, December 27). Leptospirosis. Man. Diagnostic Tests Vaccines Terr. Anim. OIE Terr. Man. 2021 2022, May 2022 (Chapter 3.1.12). Available online: https:\/\/www.woah.org\/fileadmin\/Home\/fr\/Health_standards\/tahm\/3.01.12_LEPTO.pdf."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.003480","article-title":"Leptospira Yasudae Sp. Nov. and Leptospira Stimsonii Sp. Nov., Two New Species of the Pathogenic Group Isolated from Environmental Sources","volume":"70","author":"Hamond","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2020.104241","article-title":"Leptospira spp., a Genus in the Stage of Diversity and Genomic Data Expansion","volume":"81","author":"Caimi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jayasundara, D., Senavirathna, I., Warnasekara, J., Gamage, C., Siribaddana, S., Kularatne, S.A.M., Matthias, M., Mariet, J.-F., Picardeau, M., and Agampodi, S. (2021). 12 Novel Clonal Groups of Leptospira Infecting Humans in Multiple Contrasting Epidemiological Contexts in Sri Lanka. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009471"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bierque, E., Thibeaux, R., Girault, D., Soup\u00e9-Gilbert, M.-E., and Goarant, C. (2020). A Systematic Review of Leptospira in Water and Soil Environments. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227055"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dorsch, R., Ojeda, J., Salgado, M., Monti, G., Collado, B., Tomckowiack, C., Tejeda, C., M\u00fcller, A., Eberhard, T., and Klaasen, H.L.B.M. (2020). Cats Shedding Pathogenic Leptospira spp.\u2014An Underestimated Zoonotic Risk?. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0239991"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X20903601","article-title":"Leptospirosis in Cats: Current Literature Review to Guide Diagnosis and Management","volume":"22","author":"Murillo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12328","article-title":"European Consensus Statement on Leptospirosis in Dogs and Cats","volume":"56","author":"Schuller","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1996.tb02360.x","article-title":"Investigation of Possible Leptospiral Infection in Cats in Scotland","volume":"37","author":"Agunloye","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X13489217","article-title":"Leptospira Species Infection in Cats","volume":"15","author":"Hartmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1973","article-title":"Leptospira and Leptospirosis","volume":"Volume 3","author":"Fraga","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecular Medical Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X211001042","article-title":"Serologic and Urinary Survey of Exposure to Leptospira Species in a Feral Cat Population of Prince Edward Island, Canada","volume":"23","author":"Bourassi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.1979.34662","article-title":"A Serological Survey of Leptospirosis in Cats","volume":"27","author":"Shophet","year":"1979","journal-title":"N. Z. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2008.0081","article-title":"Leptospirosis in Wild and Domestic Carnivores in Natural Areas in Andalusia, Spain","volume":"9","author":"Candela","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2019.2555","article-title":"Leptospira Spp. in Cats in Estonia: Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Seropositivity","volume":"20","author":"Lehtla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murillo, A., Cuenca, R., Serrano, E., Marga, G., Ahmed, A., Cervantes, S., Caparr\u00f3s, C., Vieitez, V., Ladina, A., and Pastor, J. (2020). Leptospira Detection in Cats in Spain by Serology and Molecular Techniques. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17051600"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.26444\/aaem\/122804","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Antibodies against Borrelia Burgdorferi S. L.and Leptospira Interrogans S. L. in Cats in District of Brno and Its Environs, the Czech Republic","volume":"27","author":"Treml","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Agric. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"15","article-title":"Leptospiral Antibodies in Domestic Animals in Tyrol","volume":"23","author":"Sebek","year":"1976","journal-title":"Folia Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X16634389","article-title":"Detection of Leptospira DNA in Urine and Presence of Specific Antibodies in Outdoor Cats in Germany","volume":"19","author":"Weis","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1976.tb06986.x","article-title":"Leptospirosis in a British Domestic Cat","volume":"17","author":"Bryson","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"111","article-title":"Laboratory and Clinical Features of Experimental Feline Leptospirosis","volume":"12","author":"Larsson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Int. J. Zoonoses"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-5748","article-title":"Clinical Leptospirosis in Three Cats (2001\u20132009)","volume":"48","author":"Arbour","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2010.0654.x","article-title":"2010 ACVIM Small Animal Consensus Statement on Leptospirosis: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Treatment, and Prevention","volume":"25","author":"Sykes","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.3390\/ani4040612","article-title":"Leptospira Spp. in Domestic Cats from Different Environments: Prevalence of Antibodies and Risk Factors Associated with the Seropositivity","volume":"4","author":"Monti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2015.08.003","article-title":"Disease Risk Assessments Involving Companion Animals: An Overview for 15 Selected Pathogens Taking a European Perspective","volume":"155","author":"Rijks","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-79546-x","article-title":"The Effects of Flooding and Weather Conditions on Leptospirosis Transmission in Thailand","volume":"11","author":"Chadsuthi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2010.02.004","article-title":"Noninfectious Causes of Immunosuppression in Dogs and Cats","volume":"40","author":"Datz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Veter-Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985813511129","article-title":"Common and Emerging Infectious Diseases in the Animal Shelter","volume":"51","author":"Pesavento","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malbon, A.J., Russo, G., Burgener, C., Barker, E.N., Meli, M.L., Tasker, S., and Kipar, A. (2020). The Effect of Natural Feline Coronavirus Infection on the Host Immune Response: A Whole-Transcriptome Analysis of the Mesenteric Lymph Nodes in Cats with and without Feline Infectious Peritonitis. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9070524"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X221118761","article-title":"2022 AAFP\/EveryCat Feline Infectious Peritonitis Diagnosis Guidelines","volume":"24","author":"Thayer","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12120","article-title":"Clinical Findings and Survival in Cats Naturally Infected with Feline Immunodeficiency Virus","volume":"27","author":"Liem","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X19895940","article-title":"2020 AAFP Feline Retrovirus Testing and Management Guidelines","volume":"22","author":"Little","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2009.05.005","article-title":"Feline Leukaemia ABCD Guidelines on Prevention and Management","volume":"11","author":"Lutz","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1135(88)90070-3","article-title":"Clinical and Immunologic Aspects of FeLV-Induced Immunosuppression","volume":"17","author":"Ogilvie","year":"1988","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rehme, T., Hartmann, K., Truyen, U., Zablotski, Y., and Bergmann, M. (2022). Feline Panleukopenia Outbreaks and Risk Factors in Cats in Animal Shelters. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14061248"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2009.05.002","article-title":"Feline Panleukopenia ABCD Guidelines on Prevention and Management","volume":"11","author":"Truyen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2014.05.027","article-title":"Feline Parvovirus Infection and Associated Diseases","volume":"201","author":"Stuetzer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2014.10.017","article-title":"Estimate of the Size and Demographic Structure of the Owned Dog and Cat Population Living in Veneto Region (North-Eastern Italy)","volume":"118","author":"Capello","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bertasio, C., Boniotti, M.B., Lucchese, L., Ceglie, L., Bellinati, L., Mazzucato, M., Furlanello, T., D\u2019Incau, M., and Natale, A. (2020). Detection of New Leptospira Genotypes Infecting Symptomatic Dogs: Is a New Vaccine Formulation Needed?. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9060484"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) (2022, December 27). Salmonellosis. Man. Diagnostic Tests Vaccines Terr. Anim. OIE Terr. Man. 2021 2022, May 2022 (Chapter 3.10.07). Available online: https:\/\/www.woah.org\/fileadmin\/Home\/eng\/Health_standards\/tahm\/3.10.07_SALMONELLOSIS.pdf."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smythe, L.D., Smith, I.L., Smith, G.A., Dohnt, M.F., Symonds, M.L., Barnett, L.J., and McKay, D.B. (2002). A Quantitative PCR (TaqMan) Assay for Pathogenic Leptospira Spp.. BMC Infect. Dis., 2.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-2-13"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boonsilp, S., Thaipadungpanit, J., Amornchai, P., Wuthiekanun, V., Bailey, M.S., Holden, M.T.G., Zhang, C., Jiang, X., Koizumi, N., and Taylor, K. (2013). A Single Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) Scheme for Seven Pathogenic Leptospira Species. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001954"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jolley, K.A., and Maiden, M.C.J. (2010). BIGSdb: Scalable Analysis of Bacterial Genome Variation at the Population Level. BMC Bioinform., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-11-595"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2004.09.018","article-title":"A Real-Time PCR Assay for Rapid Detection and Quantitation of Canine Parvovirus Type 2 in the Feces of Dogs","volume":"105","author":"Decaro","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"129","article-title":"Indagine Sierologica Sulla Presenza Di Leptospira Spp. in Italia: Dati Nazionali 2010\u20132011","volume":"52","author":"Tagliabue","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Ital."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2007.01067.x","article-title":"Extraintestinal Pathogenic Escherichia Coli-Induced Acute Necrotizing Pneumonia in Cats","volume":"54","author":"Sura","year":"2007","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870902100504","article-title":"Extraintestinal Pathogenic Escherichia Coli-Induced Pneumonia in Three Kittens and Fecal Prevalence in a Clinically Healthy Cohort Population","volume":"21","author":"Highland","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2019.02.006","article-title":"Feline Panleukopenia: A Re-Emergent Disease","volume":"49","author":"Barrs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donato, G., Masucci, M., Hartmann, K., Goris, M.G.A., Ahmed, A.A., Archer, J., Alibrandi, A., and Pennisi, M.G. (2022). Leptospira spp. Prevalence in Cats from Southern Italy with Evaluation of Risk Factors for Exposure and Clinical Findings in Infected Cats. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11101129"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"115","article-title":"Unusual Clinical Presentation of Leptospirosis in a Cat","volume":"49","author":"Lange","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Vet. Clin."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12287","article-title":"Serologic and Urinary PCR Survey of Leptospirosis in Healthy Cats and in Cats with Kidney Disease","volume":"28","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"161","article-title":"Prevalence of Feline Leptospirosis: Serologic Survey and Attempts of Isolation and Demonstration of the Agent","volume":"11","author":"Larsson","year":"1984","journal-title":"Int. J. Zoonoses"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X15593902","article-title":"Evaluation of the Leptospira Species Microscopic Agglutination Test in Experimentally Vaccinated Cats and Leptospira Species Seropositivity in Aged Azotemic Client-Owned Cats","volume":"18","author":"Shropshire","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13110","article-title":"Leptospira Infection and Shedding in Cats in Thailand","volume":"66","author":"Jongwattanapisan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.156.19.615","article-title":"Leptospiral Seroepidemiology in a Feline Hospital Population in Greece","volume":"156","author":"Mylonakis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2006.04.005","article-title":"Canine Leptospirosis\u2014Do We Have a Problem?","volume":"117","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/8\/1\/54\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:05:27Z","timestamp":1760119527000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/8\/1\/54"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["tropicalmed8010054"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/tropicalmed8010054","relation":{},"ISSN":["2414-6366"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2414-6366","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]]}}}