{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T05:53:50Z","timestamp":1790402030839,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women, as well as the general characteristics, clinical and laboratory findings, and pregnancy and fetal outcomes of pregnant women diagnosed with acute toxoplasma infection (ATI). The toxoplasma IgM, IgG, and IgG avidity test results of pregnant women who applied to our referral hospital between January 2016 and June 2022, and among them, those diagnosed with ATI, were analyzed. The 119 patients diagnosed with ATI during this time period were included for further analysis. The prevalence of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women was found to be 46.2%, and the rate of ATI was 4%. The total mother-to-child transmission rate was 5% (5\/101). Congenital toxoplasmosis (CT) was observed in 1 (1.1%) child of the 87 pregnant women who received spiramycin prophylaxis, though it was found in 4 (30.8%) of the children of the 13 untreated mothers. With respect to prenatal treatment, CT rates were significantly higher in the children born to untreated mothers (p = 0.001). In conclusion, although toxoplasma seroprevalence was found to be high in our region, there was a paucity in diagnosis, follow-up, and treatment. Our findings support that prenatal spiramycin prophylaxis is effective in preventing the transmission of parasites from mother to child.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed8010063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T04:31:32Z","timestamp":1673843492000},"page":"63","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Toxoplasmosis: A Timeless Challenge for Pregnancy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Tuba","family":"Damar \u00c7ak\u0131rca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Sanliurfa Training and Research Hospital, Sanliurfa 63250, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u0130lkay Nur","family":"Can","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Sanliurfa Training and Research Hospital, Sanliurfa 63250, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melis","family":"Deniz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Sanliurfa Training and Research Hospital, Sanliurfa 63250, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ay\u015fe","family":"Torun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Sanliurfa Training and Research Hospital, Sanliurfa 63250, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c7i\u011fdem","family":"Ak\u00e7abay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Sanliurfa Training and Research Hospital, Sanliurfa 63250, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmet","family":"G\u00fczel\u00e7i\u00e7ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Harran University Faculty of Medicine, Sanliurfa 63290, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.10.003","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis in pregnancy","volume":"255","author":"Ahmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-52910-7.00028-3","article-title":"Congenital toxoplasmosis","volume":"Volume 112","author":"Kieffer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Handbook of Clinical Neurology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2018.07.004","article-title":"Congenital toxoplasmosis: An overview of the neurological and ocular manifestations","volume":"67","author":"Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2015.09.009","article-title":"Serological diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii infection: Recommendations from the French National Reference Center for Toxoplasmosis","volume":"84","author":"Villard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"929","article-title":"The past and present role of the Sabin-Feldman dye test in the serodiagnosis of toxoplasmosis","volume":"77","author":"Petersen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1891\/0730-0832.34.5.274","article-title":"Congenital Toxoplasmosis: A Review","volume":"34","author":"Hampton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neonatal Netw."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"898","article-title":"Global status of Toxoplasma gondii infection: Systematic review and prevalence snapshots","volume":"36","author":"Molan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trop Biomed"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1111\/jep.13612","article-title":"Quality of clinical practice guidelines for gestational and congenital toxoplasmosis: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"28","author":"Bravo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Eval. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"165","article-title":"Global initiative for congenital toxoplasmosis: An observational and international comparative clinical analysis","volume":"7","author":"Levigne","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182021001013","article-title":"Congenital toxoplasmosis in humans: An update of worldwide rate of congenital infections","volume":"148","author":"Dubey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182019001318","article-title":"A review of toxoplasmosis in humans and animals in Turkey","volume":"147","author":"Dubey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.4274\/tpd.galenos.2022.83007","article-title":"Retrospective Evaluation of Toxoplasma Serology in Patients Admitted to a Training and Research Hospital Between 2017\u20132021","volume":"46","author":"Baran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Turk. Parazitol. Derg."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"176","article-title":"The seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in women from Sanliurfa, a province with a high raw meatball consumption","volume":"31","author":"Tekay","year":"2007","journal-title":"Turk. Parazitol. Derg."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SYROCOT (Systematic Review on Congenital Toxoplasmosis) Study Group, Thi\u00e9baut, R., Leproust, S., Ch\u00eane, G., and Gilbert, R. (2007). Effectiveness of prenatal treatment for congenital toxoplasmosis: A meta-analysis of individual patients\u2019 data. Lancet, 369, 115\u2013122.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60072-5"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)08220-8","article-title":"Mother-to-child transmission of toxoplasmosis: Risk estimates for clinical counselling","volume":"353","author":"Dunn","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2019.07.033","article-title":"Incidence of toxoplasmosis in pregnancy in Campania: A population-based study on screening, treatment, and outcome","volume":"240","author":"Donadono","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Findal, G., Helbig, A., Haugen, G., Jenum, P.A., and Stray-Pedersen, B. (2017). Management of suspected primary Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnant women in Norway: Twenty years of experience of amniocentesis in a low-prevalence population. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-017-1300-1"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis234","article-title":"Efficacy of rapid treatment initiation following primary Toxoplasma gondii infection during pregnancy","volume":"54","author":"Hotop","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2022.e00162","article-title":"Congenital toxoplasmosis: Should we still care about screening?","volume":"11","author":"Petersen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Waterborne Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit032","article-title":"Congenital toxoplasma infection: Monthly prenatal screening decreases transmission rate and improves clinical outcome at age 3 years","volume":"56","author":"Wallon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19600","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.15.25.19600-en","article-title":"Toxosurv network and National Reference Centre for Toxoplasmosis. Congenital toxoplasmosis in France in 2007: First results from a national surveillance system","volume":"15","author":"Villena","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2014.09.018","article-title":"Amniocentesis for the detection of congenital toxoplasmosis: Results from the nationwide Austrian prenatal screening program","volume":"21","author":"Prusa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.113.6.1567","article-title":"Long-term ocular prognosis in 327 children with congenital toxoplasmosis","volume":"113","author":"Wallon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e223","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000003469","article-title":"Spyramicine and Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Combination to Prevent Mother-To-Fetus Transmission of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Pregnant Women: A 28-Years Single-center Experience","volume":"41","author":"Buonsenso","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2020.04.021","article-title":"Treatment of Acute Toxoplasmosis in Pregnancy: Influence in the Mother-to-Child Transmission","volume":"42","author":"Bartholo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Can."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2073","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2015.1074998","article-title":"Role of spiramycin in prevention of fetal toxoplasmosis","volume":"29","author":"Avci","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1215","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-2169","article-title":"European Multicentre Study on Congenital Toxoplasmosis. Predictors of retinochoroiditis in children with congenital toxoplasmosis: European, prospective cohort study","volume":"121","author":"Freeman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics"}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/8\/1\/63\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:05:35Z","timestamp":1760119535000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/8\/1\/63"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["tropicalmed8010063"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/tropicalmed8010063","relation":{},"ISSN":["2414-6366"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2414-6366","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]]}}}