{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T20:03:44Z","timestamp":1777579424242,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]],"date-time":"2023-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675728000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The tight relationship between immunity and retinoid levels provides evidence on the critical role of retinoic acid (RA) in regulating immune activity, especially the mucosal one. Mucosal immune response is the key for determination of the outcome of infection, particularly against intracellular mucosal pathogens such as Toxoplasma gondii, where it plays a crucial role as a sentinel against parasite invasion. Herein, the immunomodulatory adjuvant role of RA was evaluated for prophylactic vaccination against chronic Toxoplasma infection. A quantity of 15 \u00b5g of RA pre-encapsulated with lipid-based nanoparticles (SLNs) was intranasally used in three doses, two weeks apart, as an adjuvant to the Toxoplasma lysate antigen (TLA). Afterward, mice were infected with 20 cysts of T. gondii (ME49 strain) and were sacrificed at the 4th week post-infection. Parasitological, immunological, biochemical, and histopathological studies were applied as vaccine efficacy measures. The protective role of the tested vaccine was noted using the statistically marked reduction in brain cyst count, accompanied by remarkable levels of protective IFN-\u03b3 and antibodies, with amelioration of infection-induced oxidative stress and brain pathology. Ultimately, this experiment outlined the prospective role of a novel, natural, nano-encapsulated and mucosal vaccine adjuvant RA-SLNs as a propitious candidate against chronic toxoplasmosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed8020106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]],"date-time":"2023-02-07T03:24:13Z","timestamp":1675740253000},"page":"106","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Nano-Encapsulated Antioxidant: Retinoic Acid as a Natural Mucosal Adjuvant for Intranasal Immunization against Chronic Experimental Toxoplasmosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Doaa E.","family":"Said","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 5424041, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eglal I.","family":"Amer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 5424041, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9018-5229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eman","family":"Sheta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 5424041, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaimaa","family":"Makled","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7753-3193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fadwa M.","family":"Arafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 5424041, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hala E.","family":"Diab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 5424041, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2008.00345.x","article-title":"The history of Toxoplasma gondii\u2014The first 100 years","volume":"55","author":"Dubey","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. 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