{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T06:19:07Z","timestamp":1790835547840,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]],"date-time":"2023-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pro-inflammatory cytokines are potent stimulators of inflammation and immunity and markers of infection severity and bacteriological burden in pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). Interferons could have both host-protective and detrimental effects on tuberculosis disease. However, their role has not been studied in tuberculous lymphadenitis (TBL). Thus, we evaluated the systemic pro-inflammatory (interleukin (IL)-12, IL-23, interferon (IFN)\u03b1, and IFN\u03b2) cytokine levels in TBL, latent tuberculosis (LTBI), and healthy control (HC) individuals. In addition, we also measured the baseline (BL) and post-treatment (PT) systemic levels in TBL individuals. We demonstrate that TBL individuals are characterized by increased pro-inflammatory (IL-12, IL-23, IFN\u03b1, IFN\u03b2) cytokines when compared to LTBI and HC individuals. We also show that after anti-tuberculosis treatment (ATT) completion, the systemic levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines were significantly modulated in TBL individuals. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis revealed IL-23, IFN\u03b1, and IFN\u03b2 significantly discriminated TBL disease from LTBI and\/or HC individuals. Hence, our study demonstrates the altered systemic levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and their reversal after ATT, suggesting that they are markers of disease pathogenesis\/severity and altered immune regulation in TBL disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed8030150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T03:02:32Z","timestamp":1678071752000},"page":"150","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Systemic Levels of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines and Post-Treatment Modulation in Tuberculous Lymphadenitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5083-4060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gokul Raj","family":"Kathamuthu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health-NIRT-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai 600 031, India"},{"name":"National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT), Chennai 600 031, India"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Solna, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kadar","family":"Moideen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health-NIRT-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai 600 031, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rathinam","family":"Sridhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Government Stanley Medical Hospital, Chennai 600 001, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dhanaraj","family":"Baskaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT), Chennai 600 031, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subash","family":"Babu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health-NIRT-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai 600 031, India"},{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0425, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO Publication (2023, January 10). 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