{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T17:25:39Z","timestamp":1784309139287,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]],"date-time":"2023-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Health Institute Carlos III (ISCIII), Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI19CIII\/00029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI19CIII\/00029"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Giardia duodenalis is a significant contributor to the burden of diarrheal disease in sub-Saharan Africa. This study assesses the occurrence and molecular diversity of G. duodenalis and other intestinal parasites in apparently healthy children (n = 311) in Ibadan, Nigeria. Microscopy was used as a screening method and PCR and Sanger sequencing as confirmatory and genotyping methods, respectively. Haplotype analyses were performed to examine associations between genetic variants and epidemiological variables. At microscopy examination, G. duodenalis was the most prevalent parasite found (29.3%, 91\/311; 95% CI: 24.3\u201334.7), followed by Entamoeba spp. (18.7%, 58\/311; 14.5\u201323.4), Ascaris lumbricoides (1.3%, 4\/311; 0.4\u20133.3), and Taenia sp. (0.3%, 1\/311; 0.01\u20131.8). qPCR confirmed the presence of G. duodenalis in 76.9% (70\/91) of the microscopy-positive samples. Of them, 65.9% (60\/91) were successfully genotyped. Assemblage B (68.3%, 41\/60) was more prevalent than assemblage A (28.3%, 17\/60). Mixed A + B infections were identified in two samples (3.3%, 2\/60). These facts, together with the absence of animal-adapted assemblages, suggest that human transmission of giardiasis was primarily anthroponotic. Efforts to control G. duodenalis (and other fecal-orally transmitted pathogens) should focus on providing safe drinking water and improving sanitation and personal hygiene practices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed8030152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T01:36:09Z","timestamp":1677634569000},"page":"152","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["High Diversity of Giardia duodenalis Assemblages and Sub-Assemblages in Asymptomatic School Children in Ibadan, Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Muyideen K.","family":"Tijani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular Parasitology Programme, Cell Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200284, Nigeria"},{"name":"Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Sk\u00e5ne University Hospital, 221 85 Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela C.","family":"K\u00f6ster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1069-2074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Guadano-Procesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"PhD Program in Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imo S.","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular Parasitology Programme, Cell Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200284, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1467-4132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Abodunrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular Parasitology Programme, Cell Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200284, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adedamola","family":"Adeola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular Parasitology Programme, Cell Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200284, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8707-5731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Dashti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bego\u00f1a","family":"Bailo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5083-8854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Barrio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4015-8553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Carmena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Center for Biomedical Research Network (CIBER) in Infectious Diseases, Health Institute Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirk, M.D., Pires, S.M., Black, R.E., Caipo, M., Crump, J.A., Devleesschauwer, B., D\u00f6pfer, D., Fazil, A., Fischer-Walker, C.L., and Hald, T. 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