{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T02:24:06Z","timestamp":1790389446570,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Thammasat University Research Unit in Parasitic Diseases"},{"name":"Thailand Science Research and Innovation Fundamental Fund"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Opisthorchis viverrini is a significant health problem in the Mekong subregion of Southeast Asia, causing aggressive cholangiocarcinoma. Current diagnostic procedures do not cover early diagnosis and low infection. Hence, an effective diagnostic tool is still required. Immunodiagnosis seems promising, but attempts to generate monoclonal antibodies have not yet been successful. This study aims to develop a single-chain variable antibody fragment (scFv) against Rhophilin-associated tail protein 1-like (ROPN1L), the sperm-specific antigen of adult O. viverrini, which has not been reported elsewhere. (2) Methods: The target epitope for phage screening was L3-Q13 of OvROPN1L, which showed the highest antigenicity to human opisthorchiasis analyzed in a previous study. This peptide was commercially synthesized and used for phage library screening. The isolated phage was produced in a bacterial expression system and tested for specificity in vitro and in silico. (3) Results: One of fourteen phages, named scFv anti-OvROPN1L-CL19, significantly bound to rOvROPN1L compared with non-infected hamster fecal extracts. This phage clone was successfully produced and purified using Ni-NTA chromatography. Indirect ELISA demonstrated that scFv anti-OvROPN1L-CL19 has a high reactivity with O. viverrini-infected hamster fecal extracts (12 wpi, n = 6) in comparison with non-infected hamster fecal extracts (0 wpi, n = 6), while the polyclonal rOvROPN1L antibodies did not show such a difference. Molecular modeling and docking confirmed our in vitro findings. (4) Conclusion: scFv anti-OvROPN1L-CL19 could be used as an effective material for developing O. viverrini-immunodiagnostic procedures in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed8030160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T02:06:43Z","timestamp":1678068403000},"page":"160","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Production and Immunological Characterization of scFv Specific to Epitope of Opisthorchis viverrini Rhophilin-Associated Tail Protein 1-like (OvROPN1L)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6904-0682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amornrat","family":"Geadkaew-Krenc","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand"},{"name":"Thammasat University Research Unit in Parasitic Diseases, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dawid","family":"Krenc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeeraphong","family":"Thanongsaksrikul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rudi","family":"Grams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand"},{"name":"Thammasat University Research Unit in Parasitic Diseases, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wansika","family":"Phadungsil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand"},{"name":"Thammasat University Research Unit in Parasitic Diseases, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8072-7992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kittirat","family":"Glab-ampai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4974-9584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pathanin","family":"Chantree","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4168-5950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pongsakorn","family":"Martviset","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sripa, B., Kaewkes, S., Sithithaworn, P., Mairiang, E., Laha, T., Smout, M., Pairojkul, C., Bhudhisawasdi, V., Tesana, S., and Thinkamrop, B. (2007). Liver Fluke Induces Cholangiocarcinoma. PLoS Med., 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040201"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2021.106133","article-title":"Current status of human liver fluke infections in the Greater Mekong Subregion","volume":"224","author":"Sripa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.05.009","article-title":"Human liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini (Trematoda, Opisthorchiidae) in Central Myanmar: New records of adults and metacercariae identified by morphology and molecular analysis","volume":"185","author":"Sanpool","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2020.12.007","article-title":"Towards Evidence-based Control of Opisthorchis viverrini","volume":"37","author":"Crellen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(10)73007-4","article-title":"Towards improved diagnosis of zoonotic trematode infections in Southeast Asia","volume":"73","author":"Johansen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2013.07.006","article-title":"Towards improved diagnosis of neglected zoonotic trematodes using a One Health approach","volume":"141","author":"Johansen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.12.018","article-title":"Comparison of stool examination techniques to detect Opisthorchis viverrini in low intensity infection","volume":"191","author":"Charoensuk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05338-z","article-title":"Performance of Mini Parasep(\u00ae) SF stool concentrator kit, Kato-Katz, and formalin-ethyl acetate concentration methods for diagnosis of opisthorchiasis in Northeast Thailand","volume":"15","author":"Kopolrat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3957545","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/3957545","article-title":"Efficiency of the Stool-PCR Test Targeting NADH Dehydrogenase (Nad) Subunits for Detection of Opisthorchis viverrini Eggs","volume":"2021","author":"Phadungsil","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13694","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-50114-2","article-title":"Novel mitochondrial complex I-inhibiting peptides restrain NADH dehydrogenase activity","volume":"9","author":"Xue","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-2728(00)00162-6","article-title":"Diversity and origin of alternative NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductases","volume":"1459","author":"Kerscher","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Bioenerg."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buathong, S., Leelayoova, S., Mungthin, M., Ruang-areerate, T., Naaglor, T., Suwannahitatorn, P., Piyaraj, P., Taamasri, P., and Tan-ariya, P. (2017). Molecular discrimination of Opisthorchis-like eggs from residents in a rural community of central Thailand. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006030"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X15000851","article-title":"Molecular characterization of Opisthorchis noverca (Digenea: Opisthorchiidae) based on nuclear ribosomal ITS2 and mitochondrial COI genes","volume":"90","author":"Sahu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-020-01329-y","article-title":"Improvement of a PCR-based method for the detection of Opisthorchis viverrini eggs in human stool samples by targeting internal transcribed spacer-2 (ITS-2), cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (cox1), and cytochrome b (cyb)","volume":"45","author":"Pumpa","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Parasit. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3547","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-015-4640-7","article-title":"Development and evaluation of PCR methods based on cytochrome c oxidase subunit one (cox1) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit one gene (nad1) to detect Opisthorchis viverrini in human fecal samples","volume":"114","author":"Buathong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893981","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/893981","article-title":"Rapid detection and differentiation of Clonorchis sinensis and Opisthorchis viverrini using real-time PCR and high resolution melting analysis","volume":"2014","author":"Cai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2011.08.009","article-title":"Rapid detection of Opisthorchis viverrini copro-DNA using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)","volume":"61","author":"Arimatsu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2003.02.002","article-title":"Immunology and molecular biology of Opisthorchis viverrini infection","volume":"88","author":"Wongratanacheewin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"179","article-title":"Immunodiagnosis of opisthorchiasis","volume":"22","author":"Sirisinha","year":"1991","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2008.03.033","article-title":"Asparaginyl endopeptidase from the carcinogenic liver fluke, Opisthorchis viverrini, and its potential for serodiagnosis","volume":"12","author":"Laha","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4571","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-015-4703-9","article-title":"Immunodiagnosis of opisthorchiasis using parasite cathepsin F","volume":"114","author":"Teimoori","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(94)90438-3","article-title":"Serum antibody response to Opisthorchis viverrini antigen as a marker for opisthorchiasis-associated cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"88","author":"Akai","year":"1994","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Worasith, C., Kamamia, C., Yakovleva, A., Duenngai, K., Wangboon, C., Sithithaworn, J., Watwiengkam, N., Namwat, N., Techasen, A., and Loilome, W. (2015). Advances in the Diagnosis of Human Opisthorchiasis: Development of Opisthorchis viverrini Antigen Detection in Urine. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004157"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sadaow, L., Rodpai, R., Janwan, P., Boonroumkaew, P., Sanpool, O., Thanchomnang, T., Yamasaki, H., Ittiprasert, W., Mann, V.H., and Brindley, P.J. (2022). An Innovative Test for the Rapid Detection of Specific IgG Antibodies in Human Whole-Blood for the Diagnosis of Opisthorchis viverrini Infection. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7100308"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2011.05.009","article-title":"Evaluation of liver fluke recombinant cathepsin B-1 protease as a serodiagnostic antigen for human opisthorchiasis","volume":"61","author":"Sripa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2006.06.012","article-title":"Opisthorchis viverrini: Identification of a glycine\u2013tyrosine rich eggshell protein and its potential as a diagnostic tool for human opisthorchiasis","volume":"36","author":"Ruangsittichai","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2011.09.016","article-title":"Optimization of in-house ELISA based on recombinant major sperm protein (rMSP) of Dictyocaulus viviparus for the detection of lungworm infection in cattle","volume":"93","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17332","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M011252200","article-title":"Identification of Sperm-specific Proteins That Interact with A-kinase Anchoring Proteins in a Manner Similar to the Type II Regulatory Subunit of PKA*","volume":"276","author":"Carr","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.109.009662","article-title":"Functional expression of ropporin in human testis and ejaculated spermatozoa","volume":"32","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-017-0804-x","article-title":"Molecular study of human sperm RNA: Ropporin and CABYR in asthenozoospermia","volume":"41","author":"Pelloni","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43924","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M203569200","article-title":"The RhoA-binding protein, rhophilin-2, regulates actin cytoskeleton organization","volume":"277","author":"Peck","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9959","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201903281R","article-title":"Rhophilin-associated tail protein 1 promotes migration and metastasis in triple negative breast cancer via activation of RhoA","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Faseb. J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.113.1.103","article-title":"Ropporin, a sperm-specific binding protein of rhophilin, that is localized in the fibrous sheath of sperm flagella","volume":"113","author":"Fujita","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2020.58.4.475","article-title":"Evaluation of Rhophilin Associated Tail Protein (ROPN1L) in the Human Liver Fluke Opisthorchis viverrini for Diagnostic Approach","volume":"58","author":"Grams","year":"2020","journal-title":"Korean J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2014.08.002","article-title":"Opisthorchis viverrini: Analysis of the sperm-specific rhophilin associated tail protein 1-like","volume":"140","author":"Rattanachan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2014.08.004","article-title":"A 170kDa multi-domain cystatin of Fasciola gigantica is active in the male reproductive system","volume":"196","author":"Geadkaew","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martviset, P., Chantree, P., Chaimon, S., Torungkitmangmi, N., Prathaphan, P., Ruangtong, J., Sornchuer, P., Thongsepee, N., Sangpairoj, K., and Adisakwattana, P. (2022). Molecular Cloning and Characterization of a Fasciola gigantica Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1 (FgNR1). Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11121458"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2011.08.006","article-title":"Coproantigen capture ELISA for detection of Clonorchis sinensis infection in experimentally infected rats","volume":"61","author":"Choi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-018-3731-z","article-title":"Identification and production of mouse scFv to specific epitope of enterovirus-71 virion protein-2 (VP2)","volume":"163","author":"Thanongsaksrikul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giudicelli, V., Duroux, P., Kossida, S., and Lefranc, M.-P. (2017). IG and TR single chain fragment variable (scFv) sequence analysis: A new advanced functionality of IMGT\/V-QUEST and IMGT\/HighV-QUEST. BMC Immunol., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12865-017-0218-8"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03819-2","article-title":"Highly accurate protein structure prediction with AlphaFold","volume":"596","author":"Jumper","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2015.09.014","article-title":"The HADDOCK2.2 Web Server: User-Friendly Integrative Modeling of Biomolecular Complexes","volume":"428","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e07454","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.07454","article-title":"Contacts-based prediction of binding affinity in protein-protein complexes","volume":"4","author":"Vangone","year":"2015","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3676","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btw514","article-title":"PRODIGY: A web server for predicting the binding affinity of protein-protein complexes","volume":"32","author":"Xue","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phumrattanaprapin, W., Pearson, M., Pickering, D., Tedla, B., Smout, M., Chaiyadet, S., Brindley, P.J., Loukas, A., and Laha, T. (2021). Monoclonal Antibodies Targeting an Opisthorchis viverrini Extracellular Vesicle Tetraspanin Protect Hamsters against Challenge Infection. Vaccines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9070740"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1991.44.140","article-title":"Detection of Opisthorchis viverrini by Monoclonal Antibody-Based ELISA and DNA Hybridization","volume":"44","author":"Sirisinha","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.1990.tb00987.x","article-title":"Monoclonal antibodies against Opisthorchis viverrini antigens","volume":"12","author":"BILLINGS","year":"1990","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(92)90155-E","article-title":"Detection of Opisthorchis viverrini antigens in stools using specific monoclonal antibody","volume":"22","author":"Chaicumpa","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(91)90099-S","article-title":"Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against the excretory-secretory antigen of the liver fluke (Opisthorchis viverrini)","volume":"21","author":"Amornpunt","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1995.52.521","article-title":"Evaluation of a Monoclonal Antibody-Based Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for the Diagnosis of Opisthorchis viverrini Infection in an Endemic Area","volume":"52","author":"Sirisinha","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"245","article-title":"Affinity purified oval antigen for diagnosis of Opisthorchiasis viverrini","volume":"19","author":"Wongsaroj","year":"2001","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Worasith, C., Wangboon, C., Duenngai, K., Kiatsopit, N., Kopolrat, K., Techasen, A., Sithithaworn, J., Khuntikeo, N., Loilome, W., and Namwat, N. (2019). Comparing the performance of urine and copro-antigen detection in evaluating Opisthorchis viverrini infection in communities with different transmission levels in Northeast Thailand. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007186"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1126\/science.4001944","article-title":"Filamentous fusion phage: Novel expression vectors that display cloned antigens on the virion surface","volume":"228","author":"Smith","year":"1985","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"366","article-title":"Monoclonal antibody specific to the Di(a) blood group antigen generated by phage display technology","volume":"18","author":"Thattanon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood Transfus."}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/8\/3\/160\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:48:40Z","timestamp":1760122120000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/8\/3\/160"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["tropicalmed8030160"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/tropicalmed8030160","relation":{},"ISSN":["2414-6366"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2414-6366","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]]}}}