{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T06:06:21Z","timestamp":1769580381924,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]],"date-time":"2023-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004612","name":"Arauc\u00e1ria Foundation for Scientific and Technological Development of Paran\u00e1 State","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SUS2020111000014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUS2020111000014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004612","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Leptospirosis has been described as a disease neglected worldwide. Affecting humans and animals, the disease is often related to poor environmental conditions such as lack of sanitation and presence of synanthropic rodents. Despite being considered as a One Health issue, no study has focused on comparing owner\u2013dog seroprevalence between islands and seashore mainland. Accordingly, the present study assessed anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies by applying microscopic agglutination test (MAT) methods to Leptospira and assessing associated risk factors via univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis of owners and their dogs in islands and seashore mainland of southern Brazil. No anti-Leptospira spp. Seropositivity was found in 330 owner serum samples, while dogs presented an overall seroprevalence of 5.9%. All seropositive dogs reacted to serogroups of Leptospira interrogans, including 66.7% of Pyrogenes, 44.4% Canicola, 22.2% Icterohaemorrhagiae, 16.7% Australis; six reacted to more than one serogroup. No association was found among seropositivity and epidemiological variables, except that neighborhood dogs were less likely to be seropositive. Although no seropositivity was observed in owners, seropositivity in dogs had the potential to indicate such species as being sentinels for environmental exposure and potential human risk of infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed8040229","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]],"date-time":"2023-04-18T05:53:07Z","timestamp":1681797187000},"page":"229","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Spatial Owner-Dog Seroprevalence of Leptospira spp. Antibodies in Oceanic Islands and Costal Mainland of Southern Brazil"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Aaronson Ramathan","family":"Freitas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paran\u00e1 State, Curitiba 80035-050, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruana Renostro","family":"Delai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Paran\u00e1, Curitiba 80230-130, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Louise Bach","family":"Kmetiuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paran\u00e1 State, Curitiba 80035-050, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raquel Cuba","family":"Gaspar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animals Science, S\u00e3o Paulo State University, Botucatu 18618-681, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evelyn Cristine","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biotechnology, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Tecomarias Avenue, Botucatu 18607-440, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rafaella","family":"Martini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Federal University of Paran\u00e1 State, Curitiba 81530-000, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7554-1520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leandro Meneguelli","family":"Biondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of the Atlantic Forest (INMA), Santa Teresa 29650-000, ES, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2380-4349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rog\u00e9rio","family":"Giuffrida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Western S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 19001-970, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ivan Roque","family":"de Barros Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paran\u00e1 State, Curitiba 80035-050, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7065-1138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vamilton Alvares","family":"Santar\u00e9m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Western S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 19001-970, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5127-0762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helio","family":"Langoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animals Science, S\u00e3o Paulo State University, Botucatu 18618-681, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e1udia Turra","family":"Pimp\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Paran\u00e1, Curitiba 80230-130, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4182-5821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander Welker","family":"Biondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paran\u00e1 State, Curitiba 80035-050, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Haake, D.A. (2009). Encyclopedia of Microbiology, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-019-03797-4","article-title":"Leptospirosis: A Neglected Tropical Zoonotic Infection of Public Health Importance-an Updated Review","volume":"39","author":"Karpagam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos, P.C., Lehmann, L.M., Lorenzi, C., Hirsch, C., Telmo, P.L., Mattos, G.T., Cadore, P.S., Klafke, G.B., Berne, M.E.A., and Gon\u00e7alves, C.V. (2015). The Seropositivity of Toxocara Spp. Antibodies in Pregnant Women Attented at the University Hospital in Southern Brazil and the Factors Associated with Infection. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0131058"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, A., Shi, W., Tong, C., Zhu, X., Liu, Y., Liu, Z., Yao, Y., and Shi, Z. (2022). The Fine-Scale Associations between Socioeconomic Status, Density, Functionality, and Spread of COVID-19 within a High-Density City. BMC Infect. Dis., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-022-07274-w"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s12942-021-00270-4","article-title":"Examining the Diffusion of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Cases in a Metropolis: A Space Syntax Approach","volume":"20","author":"Yao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Geogr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2022.100421","article-title":"One Health Approach on Serosurvey of Anti-Leptospira Spp. in Homeless Persons and Their Dogs in South Brazil","volume":"15","author":"Gravinatti","year":"2022","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-91992011000200002","article-title":"Interactions between Environment, Wild Animals and Human Leptospirosis","volume":"17","author":"Ullmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Venom. Anim. Toxins Incl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benitez, A.d.N., Martins, F.D.C., Mareze, M., Santos, N.J.R., Ferreira, F.P., Martins, C.M., Garcia, J.L., Mitsuka-Bregan\u00f3, R., Freire, R.L., and Biondo, A.W. (2017). Spatial and Simultaneous Representative Seroprevalence of Anti-Toxoplasma gondii Antibodies in Owners and Their Domiciled Dogs in a Major City of Southern Brazil. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0180906"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2021.100353","article-title":"One Health Approach on Human Seroprevalence of Anti-Toxocara Antibodies, Toxocara Spp. Eggs in Dogs and Sand Samples between Seashore Mainland and Island Areas of Southern Brazil","volume":"13","author":"Delai","year":"2021","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bowser, N., and Anderson, N. (2018). Dogs (Canis familiaris) as Sentinels for Human Infectious Disease and Application to Canadian Populations: A Systematic Review. Vet. Sci., 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci5040083"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Terra, I.\u00c1. (2023, April 14). e Parque Estadual Da Ilha Do Mel (PEIM), Available online: https:\/\/www.iat.pr.gov.br\/Pagina\/Parque-Estadual-da-Ilha-do-Mel-PEIM."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"(2023, April 14). IBGE IBGE \\textbar Cidades@ \\textbar Paran\u00e1 \\textbar Pontal do Paran\u00e1 \\textbar Panorama, Available online: https:\/\/cidades.ibge.gov.br\/brasil\/pr\/pontal-do-parana\/panorama."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"(2023, April 14). IBGE IBGE \\textbar Cidades@ \\textbar Paran\u00e1 \\textbar Guaraque\u00e7aba \\textbar Panorama, Available online: https:\/\/cidades.ibge.gov.br\/brasil\/pr\/guaraquecaba\/panorama."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"(2023, March 28). Guidelines for Dog Population Management \/ Preparation\u2026Initiated by K. B\u00f6gel; Editing Co-Ordinated\u2026by Karl Frucht, George Drysdale and Jenny Remfry. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/61417."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.704","article-title":"Serological Survey of Anti-Leptospira spp. Antibodies in Individuals with Animal Hoarding Disorder and Their Dogs in a Major City of Southern Brazil","volume":"8","author":"Pellizzaro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2012.06.005","article-title":"Comparison of Conventional PCR, Quantitative PCR, Bacteriological Culture and the Warthin Starry Technique to Detect Leptospira spp. in Kidney and Liver Samples from Naturally Infected Sheep from Brazil","volume":"90","author":"Fornazari","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2019.100104","article-title":"Frequency of Anti-Leptospira spp. Antibodies in Dogs and Wild Small Mammals from Rural Properties and Conservation Units in Southern Brazil","volume":"8","author":"Krawczak","year":"2019","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Faine, S. (1994). Leptospira and Leptospirosis, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2302","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.7273","article-title":"Firth\u2019s Logistic Regression with Rare Events: Accurate Effect Estimates and Predictions?: R. PUHR ET AL","volume":"36","author":"Puhr","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Heinze, G., Ploner, M., Dunkler, D., Southworth, H., and Jiricka, L. (2023, April 14). Logistf: Firth\u2019s Bias-Reduced Logistic Regression R Package Version 4.2.2. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/logistf\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"R CORE TEAM (2021). A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Victoriano, A.F.B., Smythe, L.D., Gloriani-Barzaga, N., Cavinta, L.L., Kasai, T., Limpakarnjanarat, K., Ong, B.L., Gongal, G., Hall, J., and Coulombe, C.A. (2009). Leptospirosis in the Asia Pacific Region. BMC Infect. Dis., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-9-147"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galan, D.I., Roess, A.A., Pereira, S.V.C., and Schneider, M.C. (2021). Epidemiology of Human Leptospirosis in Urban and Rural Areas of Brazil, 2000\u20132015. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247763"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2023, March 13). DATASUS\u2014Minist\u00e9rio Da Sa\u00fade, Available online: https:\/\/datasus.saude.gov.br\/."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2020.101486","article-title":"Serological Evidence of Leptospira sp. in Humans from Fernando de Noronha Island, Brazil","volume":"71","author":"Carvalho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580400","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.580400","article-title":"Spatial and Simultaneous Seroprevalence of Anti-Leptospira Antibodies in Owners and Their Domiciled Dogs in a Major City of Southern Brazil","volume":"7","author":"Benitez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bierque, E., Thibeaux, R., Girault, D., Soup\u00e9-Gilbert, M.-E., and Goarant, C. (2020). A Systematic Review of Leptospira in Water and Soil Environments. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227055"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.5604\/12321966.1141368","article-title":"Zoonotic Occupational Diseases in Forestry Workers\u2014Lyme Borreliosis, Tularemia and Leptospirosis in Europe","volume":"22","author":"Richard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Agric. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guernier, V., Goarant, C., Benschop, J., and Lau, C.L. (2018). A Systematic Review of Human and Animal Leptospirosis in the Pacific Islands Reveals Pathogen and Reservoir Diversity. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006503"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5904757","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/5904757","article-title":"Leptospira Seroprevalence in Domestic Dogs and Cats on the Caribbean Island of Saint Kitts","volume":"2017","author":"Pratt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Int."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-010-0991-2","article-title":"Detection and Quantification of Leptospires in Urine of Dogs: A Maintenance Host for the Zoonotic Disease Leptospirosis","volume":"29","author":"Rojas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.5433\/1679-0359.2017v38n3p1347","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis, Leptospirosis, and Brucellosis Seroepidemiology in Veterinary Medical Students and Their Relation with Unique Health","volume":"38","author":"Clazer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin. Ci\u00eancias Agr\u00e1rias"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.7589\/JWD-D-20-00002","article-title":"Leptospira Spp. Antibody in Wild Boars (Sus scrofa), Hunting Dogs (Canis lupus familiaris), and Hunters of Brazil","volume":"57","author":"Machado","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/1678-9199-19-23","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis, Leptospirosis and Brucellosis in Stray Dogs Housed at the Shelter in Umuarama Municipality, Parana, Brazil","volume":"19","author":"Goncalves","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Venom. Anim. Toxins Incl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0213-2014","article-title":"Seroprevalence and Seroincidence of Leptospira Infection in Dogs during a One-Year Period in an Endemic Urban Area in Southern Brazil","volume":"48","author":"Morikawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa, F., Zeppelini, C.G., Ribeiro, G.S., Santos, N., Reis, R.B., Martins, R.D., Bittencourt, D., Santana, C., Brant, J., and Reis, M.G. (2021). Household Rat Infestation in Urban Slum Populations: Development and Validation of a Predictive Score for Leptospirosis. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009154"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2023.105869","article-title":"Time for Change? A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis of Leptospires Infecting Dogs to Assess Vaccine Compatibility in Brazil","volume":"213","author":"Esteves","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2006.04.005","article-title":"Canine Leptospirosis\u2014Do We Have a Problem?","volume":"117","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2405","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15947","article-title":"Evaluation of Changes in the Epidemiology of Leptospirosis in Dogs after Introduction of a Quadrivalent Antileptospiral Vaccine in a Highly Endemic Area","volume":"34","author":"Francey","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, A.M., Stull, J.W., and Moore, G.E. (2022). Potential Drivers for the Re-Emergence of Canine Leptospirosis in the United States and Canada. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7110377"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12236","article-title":"Meta-Analyses of Factors Associated with Leptospirosis in Domestic Dogs","volume":"63","author":"Monti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2012.03.015","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Anti-Leptospira spp. Antibodies in Dogs in Bahia, Brazil","volume":"106","author":"Said","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2013.03.001","article-title":"Laboratory Diagnosis of Leptospirosis: A Challenge","volume":"46","author":"Musso","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miotto, B.A., Tozzi, B.F., Penteado, M., de, S., Guilloux, A.G.A., Moreno, L.Z., Heinemann, M.B., Moreno, A.M., Lilenbaum, W., and Hagiwara, M.K. (2018). Diagnosis of Acute Canine Leptospirosis Using Multiple Laboratory Tests and Characterization of the Isolated Strains. BMC Vet. Res., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-018-1547-4"}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/8\/4\/229\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:18:06Z","timestamp":1760123886000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/8\/4\/229"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["tropicalmed8040229"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/tropicalmed8040229","relation":{},"ISSN":["2414-6366"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2414-6366","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]]}}}