{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:58:50Z","timestamp":1792807130669,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":174,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,29]],"date-time":"2023-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Uehara Memorial Foundation Overseas Postdoctoral Fellowship to Yasuaki Yanagawa","award":["21KK0139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21KK0139"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00gc20a07","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Fund for the Promotion of Joint International Research","award":["21KK0139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21KK0139"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The complexity of clinical syndromes of amebiasis, caused by the parasite Entamoeba histolytica, stems from the intricate interplay between the host immune system, the virulence of the invading parasite, and the surrounding environment. Although there is still a relative paucity of information about the precise relationship between virulence factors and the pathogenesis of Entamoeba histolytica, by accumulating data from clinical and basic research, researchers have identified essential pathogenic factors that play a critical role in the pathogenesis of amebiasis, providing important insights into disease development through animal models. Moreover, the parasite\u2019s genetic variability has been associated with differences in virulence and disease outcomes, making it important to fully understand the epidemiology and pathogenesis of amebiasis. Deciphering the true mechanism of disease progression in humans caused by this parasite is made more difficult through its ability to demonstrate both genomic and pathological plasticity. The objective of this article is to underscore the heterogeneous nature of disease states and the malleable virulence characteristics in experimental models, while also identifying persistent scientific issues that need to be addressed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed8050255","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T12:10:03Z","timestamp":1682943003000},"page":"255","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Diversity and Plasticity of Virulent Characteristics of Entamoeba histolytica"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3723-2425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasuaki","family":"Yanagawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Upinder","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12830-9","article-title":"Amoebiasis","volume":"361","author":"Stanley","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atabati, H., Kassiri, H., Shamloo, E., Akbari, M., Atamaleki, A., Sahlabadi, F., Linh, N.T.T., Rostami, A., Fakhri, Y., and Khaneghah, A.M. (2020). The association between the lack of safe drinking water and sanitation facilities with intestinal Entamoeba spp. infection risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0237102"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e031605","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-031605","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Entamoeba histolytica at a voluntary counselling and testing centre in Tokyo: A cross-sectional study","volume":"10","author":"Yanagawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yanagawa, Y., Shimogawara, R., Takano, M., Aoki, T., Mizushima, D., Gatanaga, H., Kikuchi, Y., Oka, S., Yagita, K., and Watanabe, K. (2022). Identification of asymptomatic Entamoeba histolytica infection by a serological screening test: A cross-sectional study of an HIV-negative men who have sex with men cohort in Japan. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009793"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0278","article-title":"Asymptomatic intestinal amebiasis in Japanese HIV-1-infected individuals","volume":"91","author":"Watanabe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra022710","article-title":"Amebiasis","volume":"348","author":"Haque","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"505","article-title":"Status of Intestinal Parasitic Infections in a Tertiary Care Center","volume":"20","author":"Basnet","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nepal. Health Res. Counc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2022.08.013","article-title":"Updates on the worldwide burden of amoebiasis: A case series and literature review","volume":"15","author":"Nasrallah","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public. Health"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0004","article-title":"Case Report: Endemic Amebiasis in Australia: Implications for Residents, Travelers, and Clinicians","volume":"97","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, F.H., Chen, B.C., Chou, Y.C., Chien, W.C., Chung, C.H., Hsieh, C.J., and Yu, C.P. (2022). The Epidemiology of Entamoeba histolytica infection and its associated risk factors among domestic and imported patients in Taiwan during the 2011-2020 period. Medicina, 58.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58060820"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.13131","article-title":"Molecular biology research to benefit patients with Entamoeba histolytica infection","volume":"98","author":"Watanabe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R38","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2012-13-5-r38","article-title":"Genomic diversity of the human intestinal parasite Entamoeba histolytica","volume":"13","author":"Weedall","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01921","article-title":"Advances in Entamoeba histolytica biology through transcriptomic analysis","volume":"10","author":"Naiyer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2014.10.001","article-title":"Evolutionary genomics and population structure of Entamoeba histolytica","volume":"12","author":"Das","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Struct. Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35852","DOI":"10.1038\/srep35852","article-title":"Extensive transcriptome analysis correlates the plasticity of Entamoeba histolytica pathogenesis to rapid phenotype changes depending on the environment","volume":"6","author":"Weber","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pineda, E., and Perdomo, D. (2017). Entamoeba histolytica under Oxidative Stress: What Countermeasure Mechanisms Are in Place?. Cells, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells6040044"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3163","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa820","article-title":"Clinical Features and Gut Microbiome of Asymptomatic Entamoeba histolytica Infection","volume":"73","author":"Yanagawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2012.12.034","article-title":"Combined endoscopy, aspiration, and biopsy analysis for identifying infectious colitis in patients with ileocecal ulcers","volume":"11","author":"Nagata","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Den Broucke, S., Verschueren, J., Van Esbroeck, M., Bottieau, E., and Van den Ende, J. (2018). Clinical and microscopic predictors of Entamoeba histolytica intestinal infection in travelers and migrants diagnosed with Entamoeba histolytica\/dispar infection. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006892"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01296105","article-title":"Entamoeba histolytica cyst passers. Clinical profile and spontaneous eradication of infection","volume":"38","author":"Anand","year":"1993","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(84)92682-5","article-title":"Entamoeba histolytica cyst passers: Clinical features and outcome in untreated subjects","volume":"2","author":"Nanda","year":"1984","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2013.51.2.231","article-title":"Different clinical outcomes of Entamoeba histolytica in Malaysia: Does genetic diversity exist?","volume":"51","author":"Anuar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Korean J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fleming, R., Cooper, C.J., Ramirez-Vega, R., Huerta-Alardin, A., Boman, D., and Zuckerman, M.J. (2015). Clinical manifestations and endoscopic findings of amebic colitis in a United States-Mexico border city: A case series. BMC Res. Notes, 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-015-1787-3"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofy161","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofy161","article-title":"A Review of the Global Burden, New Diagnostics, and Current Therapeutics for Amebiasis","volume":"5","author":"Shirley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open. Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roure, S., Valerio, L., Soldevila, L., Salvador, F., Fern\u00e1ndez-Rivas, G., Sulleiro, E., Ma\u00f1osa, M., Sopena, N., Mate, J.L., and Clotet, B. (2019). Approach to amoebic colitis: Epidemiological, clinical and diagnostic considerations in a non-endemic context (Barcelona, 2007\u20132017). PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0212791"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yue, B., Meng, Y., Zhou, Y., Zhao, H., Wu, Y., and Zong, Y. (2021). Characteristics of endoscopic and pathological findings of amebic colitis. BMC Gastroenterol., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-021-01941-z"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1002\/jgh3.12484","article-title":"Amoebic colitis: A case series of a recurring missed diagnosis","volume":"5","author":"Abasszade","year":"2021","journal-title":"JGH Open"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S2221-1691(11)60191-3","article-title":"Detection of Entamoeba histolytica in experimentally induced amoebic liver abscess: Comparison of three staining methods","volume":"2","author":"Ning","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shirley, D.A., and Moonah, S. (2016). Fulminant Amebic Colitis after Corticosteroid Therapy: A Systematic Review. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004879"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Victoria-Hern\u00e1ndez, J.A., Ventura-Saucedo, A., L\u00f3pez-Morones, A., Mart\u00ednez-Hern\u00e1ndez, S.L., Medina-Rosales, M.N., Mu\u00f1oz-Ortega, M., \u00c1vila-Blanco, M.E., Cervantes-Garc\u00eda, D., Barba-Gallardo, L.F., and Ventura-Ju\u00e1rez, J. (2020). Case report: Multiple and atypical amoebic cerebral abscesses resistant to treatment. BMC Infect. Dis., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05391-y"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(11)64221-3","article-title":"Inguinal lymphadenitis caused by Entamoeba histolytica: Case report and literature review","volume":"75","author":"Mayhew","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjcr\/ytaa182","article-title":"A case report of ruptured amoebic liver abscess causing cardiac tamponade and requiring pericardial window","volume":"4","author":"Francis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1159\/000489721","article-title":"Biliary Peritonitis due to a Ruptured Amebic Liver Abscess Mimicking a Periampullary Tumor and Liver Metastases with the Elevation of CA 19-9 and CA 125: A Case Report","volume":"26","year":"2019","journal-title":"GE Port. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-2243(93)90240-D","article-title":"Endometrial amoebiasis","volume":"52","author":"Othman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obs. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1086\/516914","article-title":"Clinical and pathophysiological aspects of immune complex glomerulonephritis associated with Entamoeba histolytica abscess of the liver","volume":"25","author":"Lecuit","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1086\/320740","article-title":"Amebiasis and mucosal IgA antibody against the Entamoeba histolytica adherence lectin in Bangladeshi children","volume":"183","author":"Haque","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1007\/s004360050641","article-title":"HLA characterization in adult asymptomatic cyst passers of Entamoeba histolytica\/E. dispar","volume":"85","author":"Valdez","year":"1999","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2018.10.019","article-title":"Association between Entamoeba histolytica infection and human leukocyte antigen HLA- DRB1","volume":"36","author":"Mahdi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1086\/381272","article-title":"Influence of human leukocyte antigen class II alleles on susceptibility to Entamoeba histolytica infection in Bangladeshi children","volume":"189","author":"Duggal","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3024.1996.d01-16.x","article-title":"Increased frequency of HLA-DR3 and complotype SCO1 in Mexican mestizo children with amoebic abscess of the liver","volume":"18","author":"Arellano","year":"1996","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3897","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.02018-05","article-title":"Mucosal immunity to asymptomatic Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar infection is associated with a peak intestinal anti-lectin immunoglobulin A antibody response","volume":"74","author":"Jackson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0396","article-title":"Case Report: Acute Amebic Colitis Triggered by Colonoscopy: Exacerbation of Asymptomatic Chronic Infection with","volume":"101","author":"Yanagawa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.73.934","article-title":"Amebic colitis in asymptomatic subjects with positive fecal occult blood test results: Clinical features different from symptomatic cases","volume":"73","author":"Okamoto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-018-3379-3","article-title":"Update on laboratory diagnosis of amoebiasis","volume":"38","author":"Saidin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, I.K., Haque, R., Siddique, A., Kabir, M., Sherman, N.E., Gray, S.A., Cangelosi, G.A., and Petri, W.A. (2012). Proteomic analysis of the cyst stage of Entamoeba histolytica. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001643"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4601420","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4601420","article-title":"Entamoeba Histolytica: Updates in Clinical Manifestation, Pathogenesis, and Vaccine Development","volume":"2018","author":"Kantor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1283386","DOI":"10.1080\/21688370.2017.1283386","article-title":"Entamoeba histolytica: Host parasite interactions at the colonic epithelium","volume":"5","author":"Cornick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tissue Barriers"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.185.10.1793","article-title":"Identification of an epitope on the Entamoeba histolytica 170-kD lectin conferring antibody-mediated protection against invasive amebiasis","volume":"185","author":"Lotter","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamamoto, K., Yanagawa, Y., Oka, S., and Watanabe, K. (2020). Two cases of endoscopically diagnosed amebic colitis treated with paromomycin monotherapy. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008013"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000095","article-title":"Noninvasive intestinal amebiasis: Entamoeba histolytica colonization without invasion","volume":"27","author":"Nair","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1093\/clind\/15.3.464","article-title":"Diloxanide furoate for treating asymptomatic Entamoeba histolytica cyst passers: 14 years\u2019 experience in the United States","volume":"15","author":"McAuley","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1086\/313493","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of amebiasis","volume":"29","author":"Petri","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-017-0570-0","article-title":"Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Systemically Administered Antileishmanial Drugs","volume":"57","author":"Kip","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.4103\/ijp.IJP_651_16","article-title":"Investigation of in vitro absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion and in vivo pharmacokinetics of paromomycin: Influence on oral bioavailability","volume":"49","author":"Pinjari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.160.2.353","article-title":"Virulence of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites. Effects of bacteria, microaerobic conditions, and metronidazole","volume":"160","author":"Bracha","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"99","article-title":"Virulence of axenically cultivated E. histolytica","volume":"4","author":"Diamond","year":"1973","journal-title":"Arch. Investig. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.158.5.1511","article-title":"Entamoeba histolytica. Phagocytosis as a virulence factor","volume":"158","author":"Orozco","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46651997000200001","article-title":"Virulence parameters in the characterization of strains of Entamoeba histolytica","volume":"39","author":"Gomes","year":"1997","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-76-18541","article-title":"Experimental amebic hepatitis in hamsters","volume":"76","author":"Reinertson","year":"1951","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118200002641X","article-title":"Strain variation in Entamoeba histolytica. II. The effect of serial liver passage on the virulence","volume":"46","author":"Neal","year":"1956","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1974.11686936","article-title":"The effect of hepatic injury upon the development of amoebic liver abscess in hamsters","volume":"68","author":"Knight","year":"1974","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182004005116","article-title":"Cysteine proteinase activity is required for survival of the parasite in experimental acute amoebic liver abscesses in hamsters","volume":"129","author":"Tello","year":"2004","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794152","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.794152","article-title":"ArfX2 GTPase Regulates Trafficking from the Trans-Golgi to Lysosomes and Is Necessary for Liver Abscess Formation in the Protozoan Parasite","volume":"11","author":"Makiuchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.1.421-422.1999","article-title":"Antisense inhibition of expression of cysteine proteinases affects Entamoeba histolytica-induced formation of liver abscess in hamsters","volume":"67","author":"Ankri","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2012.09.012","article-title":"Induction of virulence factors, apoptosis, and cytokines in precision-cut hamster liver slices infected with Entamoeba histolytica","volume":"132","author":"Gandolfi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00382631","article-title":"Virulence of bacteria-associated, Crithidia-associated, and axenic Entamoeba histolytica: Experimental hamster liver infections with strains from patients and carriers","volume":"47","author":"Bos","year":"1975","journal-title":"Z. Parasitenkd."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3208","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.6.3208-3215.2002","article-title":"Fate of Entamoeba histolytica during establishment of amoebic liver abscess analyzed by quantitative radioimaging and histology","volume":"70","author":"Rigothier","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meyer, M., Fehling, H., Matthiesen, J., Lorenzen, S., Schuldt, K., Bernin, H., Zaruba, M., Lender, C., Ernst, T., and Ittrich, H. (2016). Overexpression of Differentially Expressed Genes Identified in Non-pathogenic and Pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica Clones Allow Identification of New Pathogenicity Factors Involved in Amoebic Liver Abscess Formation. PLoS Pathog., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005853"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.15.3.329-341.2002","article-title":"Methods for cultivation of luminal parasitic protists of clinical importance","volume":"15","author":"Clark","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1976.11687144","article-title":"Restoration of virulence to rat of axenically grown Entamoeba histolytica by cholesterol and hamster liver passage","volume":"70","author":"Das","year":"1976","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(88)90095-1","article-title":"Entamoeba histolytica: Virulence potential and sensitivity to metronidazole and emetine of four isolates possessing nonpathogenic zymodemes","volume":"66","author":"Burchard","year":"1988","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2005.03.020","article-title":"Entamoeba histolytica: Mechanism of decrease of virulence of axenic cultures maintained for prolonged periods","volume":"110","author":"Olivos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46651993000600005","article-title":"An attempt at reversibility and increase of the virulence of axenic strains of Entamoeba histolytica","volume":"35","author":"Gomes","year":"1993","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00279-19","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00279-19","article-title":"Entamoeba histolytica Interaction with Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Increases Parasite Virulence and Inflammation in Amebiasis","volume":"87","author":"Moreau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5925","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.11.5925-5929.1999","article-title":"A DNA sequence corresponding to the gene encoding cysteine proteinase 5 in Entamoeba histolytica is present and positionally conserved but highly degenerated in Entamoeba dispar","volume":"67","author":"Willhoeft","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2019.151358","article-title":"Intestinal amoebiasis: 160 years of its first detection and still remains as a health problem in developing countries","volume":"310","author":"Carrero","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI113198","article-title":"Isolation of the galactose-binding lectin that mediates the in vitro adherence of Entamoeba histolytica","volume":"80","author":"Petri","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2005.00487.x","article-title":"A lysine- and glutamic acid-rich protein, KERP1, from Entamoeba histolytica binds to human enterocytes","volume":"7","author":"Seigneur","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2139","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00174-07","article-title":"Identification of an Entamoeba histolytica serine-, threonine-, and isoleucine-rich protein with roles in adhesion and cytotoxicity","volume":"6","author":"MacFarlane","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1999.01500.x","article-title":"Entamoeba histolytica: A novel cysteine protease and an adhesin form the 112 kDa surface protein","volume":"33","author":"Arroyo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2012.05.013","article-title":"Virulence and virulence factors in Entamoeba histolytica, the agent of human amoebiasis","volume":"14","author":"Faust","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghosh, S.K., Van Dellen, K.L., Chatterjee, A., Dey, T., Haque, R., Robbins, P.W., and Samuelson, J. (2010). The Jacob2 lectin of the Entamoeba histolytica cyst wall binds chitin and is polymorphic. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000750"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01455-07","article-title":"Participation of the serine-rich Entamoeba histolytica protein in amebic phagocytosis of apoptotic host cells","volume":"76","author":"Teixeira","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5142","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6142","article-title":"The parasite Entamoeba histolytica exploits the activities of human matrix metalloproteinases to invade colonic tissue","volume":"5","author":"Thibeaux","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9298","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0600623103","article-title":"Entamoeba histolytica cysteine proteases cleave the MUC2 mucin in its C-terminal domain and dissolve the protective colonic mucus gel","volume":"103","author":"Lidell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1998.00662.x","article-title":"Isolation and molecular characterization of a surface-bound proteinase of Entamoeba histolytica","volume":"27","author":"Jacobs","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2012.01752.x","article-title":"Newly visualized fibrillar collagen scaffolds dictate Entamoeba histolytica invasion route in the human colon","volume":"14","author":"Thibeaux","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-305X(02)00106-4","article-title":"Amoebapores, archaic effector peptides of protozoan origin, are discharged into phagosomes and kill bacteria by permeabilizing their membranes","volume":"27","author":"Herbst","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1999.01607.x","article-title":"Antisense inhibition of amoebapore expression in Entamoeba histolytica causes a decrease in amoebic virulence","volume":"34","author":"Bracha","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.2.678-683.2004","article-title":"Expression of amoebapores is required for full expression of Entamoeba histolytica virulence in amebic liver abscess but is not necessary for the induction of inflammation or tissue damage in amebic colitis","volume":"72","author":"Zhang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00373","article-title":"Neutrophils to the ROScue: Mechanisms of NADPH Oxidase Activation and Bacterial Resistance","volume":"7","author":"Nguyen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3301217","article-title":"Recombinant expression and biochemical characterization of an NADPH:flavin oxidoreductase from Entamoeba histolytica","volume":"330","author":"Bruchhaus","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05344.x","article-title":"Comparative proteomic analysis of two Entamoeba histolytica strains with different virulence phenotypes identifies peroxiredoxin as an important component of amoebic virulence","volume":"61","author":"Davis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2019.01.014","article-title":"Exosome secretion by Leishmania infantum modulate the chemotactic behavior and cytokinic expression creating an environment permissive for early infection","volume":"198","author":"Castelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018314","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1018314","article-title":"Immunomodulatory effect of extracellular vesicles from Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites: Regulation of NETs and respiratory burst during confrontation with human neutrophils","volume":"12","author":"Carrero","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24214","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1913443116","article-title":"CRIg plays an essential role in intravascular clearance of bloodborne parasites by interacting with complement","volume":"116","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115931","article-title":"Inhibition of the complement membrane attack complex by the galactose-specific adhesion of Entamoeba histolytica","volume":"90","author":"Braga","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.155.1.266","article-title":"The extracellular neutral cysteine proteinase of Entamoeba histolytica degrades anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a","volume":"155","author":"Reed","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4922(02)02289-4","article-title":"How protozoan parasites evade the immune response","volume":"18","author":"Carrero","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1086\/517388","article-title":"The neutral cysteine proteinase of Entamoeba histolytica degrades IgG and prevents its binding","volume":"177","author":"Tran","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2008.04.013","article-title":"Degradation of human secretory IgA1 and IgA2 by Entamoeba histolytica surface-associated proteolytic activity","volume":"57","author":"Avila","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"127453","article-title":"Entamoeba histolytica and E. dispar Calreticulin: Inhibition of classical complement pathway and differences in the level of expression in amoebic liver abscess","volume":"2014","author":"Nieves","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.03.018","article-title":"The underlying cellular immune pathology of Entamoeba histolytica-induced hepatic amoebiasis","volume":"75","author":"Sellau","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.63.4.1587-1590.1995","article-title":"Role of the Entamoeba histolytica cysteine proteinase in amebic liver abscess formation in severe combined immunodeficient mice","volume":"63","author":"Stanley","year":"1995","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00029-08","article-title":"Host-microbe interactions and defense mechanisms in the development of amoebic liver abscesses","volume":"22","author":"Rigothier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"324230","article-title":"Peroxynitrite and peroxiredoxin in the pathogenesis of experimental amebic liver abscess","volume":"2014","author":"Larsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1995.tb05912.x","article-title":"Axenic cultivation of Entamoeba dispar Brumpt 1925, Entamoeba insolita Geiman and Wichterman 1937 and Entamoeba ranarum Grassi 1879","volume":"42","author":"Clark","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Eukaryot. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_108","first-page":"165","article-title":"Amebal viruses and the virulence of Entamoeba histolytica","volume":"9","author":"Mattern","year":"1978","journal-title":"Arch. Investig. Med."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1996.00111.x","article-title":"Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar: Differences in numbers and expression of cysteine proteinase genes","volume":"22","author":"Bruchhaus","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2007144329","article-title":"Morphometric study of the hepatic lesions experimentally induced in hamsters by Entamoeba dispar and E. histolytica","volume":"14","author":"Costa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2013.01.015","article-title":"Experimental amoebic liver abscess in hamsters caused by trophozoites of a Brazilian strain of Entamoeba dispar","volume":"134","author":"Santos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S1665-2681(19)31494-2","article-title":"Amoebic liver abscess production by Entamoeba dispar","volume":"11","author":"Dolabella","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S1665-2681(19)31943-X","article-title":"A Brazilian species of Entamoeba dispar (ADO) produces amoebic liver abscess in hamsters","volume":"6","author":"Shibayama","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2021.106114","article-title":"South American Entamoeba dispar strains produce amoebic liver abscesses with different pathogenicities and evolutionary kinetics","volume":"224","author":"Cruz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-3-23","article-title":"Entamoeba histolytica and E. dispar trophozoites in the liver of hamsters: In vivo binding of antibodies and complement","volume":"3","author":"Costa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182099005259","article-title":"Absence of lipophosphoglycan-like glycoconjugates in Entamoeba dispar","volume":"120","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2000","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1999.01476.x","article-title":"Antisense inhibition of expression of the light subunit (35 kDa) of the Gal\/GalNac lectin complex inhibits Entamoeba histolytica virulence","volume":"33","author":"Ankri","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.2001.4672","article-title":"Entamoeba dispar: Molecular characterization of the galactose\/N-acetyl-d-galactosamine lectin","volume":"99","author":"Pillai","year":"2001","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00372","article-title":"EhCP112 Dislocates and Degrades Claudin-1 and Claudin-2 at Tight Junctions of the Intestinal Epithelium","volume":"7","author":"Cuellar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00075","article-title":"Lipids in Entamoeba histolytica: Host-Dependence and Virulence Factors","volume":"10","author":"Orozco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2015.04.004","article-title":"Entamoeba histolytica rhomboid protease 1 has a role in migration and motility as validated by two independent genetic approaches","volume":"154","author":"Rastew","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1700341","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.201700341","article-title":"Comparison of Secretome Profile of Pathogenic and Non-Pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica","volume":"18","author":"Ahn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3045","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.62.8.3045-3050.1994","article-title":"Adherence and cytotoxicity of Entamoeba histolytica or how lectins let parasites stick around","volume":"62","author":"McCoy","year":"1994","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1667708","article-title":"An Entamoeba histolytica rhomboid protease with atypical specificity cleaves a surface lectin involved in phagocytosis and immune evasion","volume":"22","author":"Baxt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Genes. Dev."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G1049","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.2001.280.6.G1049","article-title":"Microbes and microbial toxins: Paradigms for microbial-mucosal interactions. VI. Entamoeba histolytica: Parasite-host interactions","volume":"280","author":"Stanley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00c1vila, E.E., Salaiza, N., Pulido, J., Rodr\u00edguez, M.C., D\u00edaz-God\u00ednez, C., Laclette, J.P., Becker, I., and Carrero, J.C. (2016). Entamoeba histolytica Trophozoites and Lipopeptidophosphoglycan Trigger Human Neutrophil Extracellular Traps. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0158979"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26112","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M601988200","article-title":"Suppression of NF-kappaB activation by Entamoeba histolytica in intestinal epithelial cells is mediated by heat shock protein 27","volume":"281","author":"Kammanadiminti","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2008.01236.x","article-title":"Entamoeba histolytica modulates a complex repertoire of novel genes in response to oxidative and nitrosative stresses: Implications for amebic pathogenesis","volume":"11","author":"Vicente","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2011.01325.x","article-title":"Host-Parasite interactions in Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar: What have we learned from their genomes?","volume":"34","author":"Wilson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3523","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01812-14","article-title":"The macrophage migration inhibitory factor homolog of Entamoeba histolytica binds to and immunomodulates host macrophages","volume":"82","author":"Moonah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2012.01.002","article-title":"Porcine colon explants in the study of innate immune response to Entamoeba histolytica","volume":"145","author":"Berthon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.MA0818-309RRR","article-title":"Pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica, but not Entamoeba dispar, induce neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation","volume":"105","author":"Fonseca","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2010.03.005","article-title":"The immunopathogenesis of Entamoeba histolytica","volume":"126","author":"Mortimer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.13.2.196","article-title":"Cysteine proteinases and the pathogenesis of amebiasis","volume":"13","author":"Que","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_135","first-page":"355","article-title":"Complement sensitivity of Entamoeba histolytica and various nonpathogenic amoeba species","volume":"45","author":"Ebert","year":"1994","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2006.10.008","article-title":"Initiation of inflammation and cell death during liver abscess formation by Entamoeba histolytica depends on activity of the galactose\/N-acetyl-D-galactosamine lectin","volume":"37","author":"Blazquez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-6980(97)00058-0","article-title":"Role of prostaglandin E2 on amoebic liver abscess formation in hamsters","volume":"53","author":"Escalante","year":"1997","journal-title":"Prostaglandins"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.186.9.1557","article-title":"Protection against invasive amebiasis by a single monoclonal antibody directed against a lipophosphoglycan antigen localized on the surface of Entamoeba histolytica","volume":"186","author":"Marinets","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2020.103897","article-title":"Proteomics approaches to understand cell biology and virulence of Entamoeba histolytica protozoan parasite","volume":"226","author":"Marchat","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S1462399405009622","article-title":"Cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie Entamoeba histolytica pathogenesis: Prospects for intervention","volume":"7","author":"Laughlin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00179","article-title":"Morphodynamics of the Actin-Rich Cytoskeleton in","volume":"8","author":"Manich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2005.10.001","article-title":"Kinetics and strain variation of phagosome proteins of Entamoeba histolytica by proteomic analysis","volume":"145","author":"Okada","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thibeaux, R., Weber, C., Hon, C.C., Dillies, M.A., Av\u00e9, P., Copp\u00e9e, J.Y., Labruy\u00e8re, E., and Guill\u00e9n, N. (2013). Identification of the virulence landscape essential for Entamoeba histolytica invasion of the human colon. PLoS Pathog., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003824"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.176.6.1605","article-title":"A severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mouse model for infection with Entamoeba histolytica","volume":"176","author":"Cieslak","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2011184287","article-title":"Characterization of a novel Entamoeba histolytica strain from Burkina Faso, Africa, possessing a unique hexokinase-2 gene","volume":"18","author":"Suzuki","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-091313-103550","article-title":"Regulation of virulence of Entamoeba histolytica","volume":"68","author":"Marie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.1984.tb00807.x","article-title":"Genetic control of susceptibility of mice to infection with E. histolytica","volume":"6","author":"Ghadirian","year":"1984","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1953.tb30285.x","article-title":"In vitro growth and metabolism of Endamoeba histolytica","volume":"56","author":"Geiman","year":"1953","journal-title":"Ann. N.Y Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.2307\/3279540","article-title":"Susceptibility of various strains of mice to Entamoeba histolytica","volume":"64","author":"Gold","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1972.tb03512.x","article-title":"Results of intracecal inoculation of germfree and conventional guinea pigs and germfree rats with axenically cultivated Entamoeba histolytica","volume":"19","author":"Phillips","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Protozool."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1949.s1-29.859","article-title":"Experimental infection of the rabbit with Endamoeba histolytica","volume":"29","author":"Tobie","year":"1949","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.2307\/3280359","article-title":"Pathogenicity of axenically cultivated Entamoeba histolytica, strain 200:NIH, in the hamster","volume":"65","author":"Ghadirian","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1961.11686062","article-title":"Intestinal amoebiasis associated with amoebic liver abscess produced by intracaecal inoculation of Entamoeba histolytica in hamsters","volume":"55","author":"Jarumilinta","year":"1961","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1962.11686117","article-title":"The induction of amoebic liver abscesses in hamsters by the intraperitoneal inoculation of trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica","volume":"56","author":"Jarumilinta","year":"1962","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1965.11686302","article-title":"CIBA 32,644-Ba, A New Systemically Active Amoebicide","volume":"59","author":"Kradolfer","year":"1965","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(84)90266-9","article-title":"Attempts at oral infection of rats and mice with trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica","volume":"78","author":"Owen","year":"1984","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27","DOI":"10.4081\/idr.2012.e27","article-title":"Susceptibility to Entamoeba histolytica intestinal infection is related to reduction in natural killer T-lymphocytes in C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"4","author":"Oliveira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Rep."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2009.10.010","article-title":"Identification of an avirulent Entamoeba histolytica strain with unique tRNA-linked short tandem repeat markers","volume":"59","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.09.010","article-title":"Diversity of clinical isolates of Entamoeba histolytica in Japan","volume":"37","author":"Nozaki","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1978.27.241","article-title":"Behavior of axenic IP-106 strain of Entamoeba histolytica in the golden hamster","volume":"27","author":"Ghadirian","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03291","article-title":"The genome of the protist parasite Entamoeba histolytica","volume":"433","author":"Loftus","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lorenzi, H.A., Puiu, D., Miller, J.R., Brinkac, L.M., Amedeo, P., Hall, N., and Caler, E.V. (2010). New assembly, reannotation and analysis of the Entamoeba histolytica genome reveal new genomic features and protein content information. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000716"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kawano-Sugaya, T., Izumiyama, S., Yanagawa, Y., Saito-Nakano, Y., Watanabe, K., Kobayashi, S., Nakada-Tsukui, K., and Nozaki, T. (2020). Near-chromosome level genome assembly reveals ploidy diversity and plasticity in the intestinal protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica. BMC Genom., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-020-07167-9"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2011.01.007","article-title":"Evolutionary genomics of Entamoeba","volume":"162","author":"Weedall","year":"2011","journal-title":"Res. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(98)00178-9","article-title":"The electrophoretic karyotype of Entamoeba histolytica","volume":"99","author":"Willhoeft","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.4.3.504-515.2005","article-title":"Comparative genomic hybridizations of Entamoeba strains reveal unique genetic fingerprints that correlate with virulence","volume":"4","author":"Shah","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.74.1.340-351.2006","article-title":"Identification of differentially expressed genes in virulent and nonvirulent Entamoeba species: Potential implications for amebic pathogenesis","volume":"74","author":"MacFarlane","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naiyer, S., Kaur, D., Ahamad, J., Singh, S.S., Singh, Y.P., Thakur, V., Bhattacharya, A., and Bhattacharya, S. (2019). Transcriptomic analysis reveals novel downstream regulatory motifs and highly transcribed virulence factor genes of Entamoeba histolytica. BMC Genom., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-019-5570-z"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkr484","article-title":"Transcriptional and functional analysis of trifluoromethionine resistance in Entamoeba histolytica","volume":"67","author":"Penuliar","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2006.02.007","article-title":"Impact of intestinal colonization and invasion on the Entamoeba histolytica transcriptome","volume":"147","author":"Gilchrist","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R77","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2013-14-7-r77","article-title":"The genome and transcriptome of the enteric parasite Entamoeba invadens, a model for encystation","volume":"14","author":"Ehrenkaufer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4107","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.200900022","article-title":"Comparison of two genetically related Entamoeba histolytica cell lines derived from the same isolate with different pathogenic properties","volume":"9","author":"Biller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakada-Tsukui, K., Sekizuka, T., Sato-Ebine, E., Escueta-de Cadiz, A., Ji, D.D., Tomii, K., Kuroda, M., and Nozaki, T. (2018). AIG1 affects in vitro and in vivo virulence in clinical isolates of Entamoeba histolytica. PLoS Pathog., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007091"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yanagawa, Y., Izumiyama, S., Saito-Nakano, Y., Nakada-Tsukui, K., Kobayashi, S., Yoshida, N., Kikuchi, Y., Gatanaga, H., Oka, S., and Nozaki, T. (2022). Gene expression of axenically-isolated clinical Entamoeba histolytica strains and its impact on disease severity of amebiasis. PLoS Pathog., 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010880"}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/8\/5\/255\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:26:28Z","timestamp":1760124388000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/8\/5\/255"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,29]]},"references-count":174,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["tropicalmed8050255"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/tropicalmed8050255","relation":{},"ISSN":["2414-6366"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2414-6366","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,29]]}}}