{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:15:03Z","timestamp":1787030103051,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,16]],"date-time":"2023-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686873600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel\u2014Brazil (CAPES)","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel\u2014Brazil (CAPES)","award":["CAPES\/FAPITEC 10\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAPES\/FAPITEC 10\/2016"]}]},{"name":"FAPITEC\/SE\u2014the Research and Technological Innovation Support Foundation of the State of Sergipe","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"FAPITEC\/SE\u2014the Research and Technological Innovation Support Foundation of the State of Sergipe","award":["CAPES\/FAPITEC 10\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAPES\/FAPITEC 10\/2016"]}]},{"name":"FIOCRUZ","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"FIOCRUZ","award":["CAPES\/FAPITEC 10\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAPES\/FAPITEC 10\/2016"]}]},{"name":"FAPERJ","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"FAPERJ","award":["CAPES\/FAPITEC 10\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAPES\/FAPITEC 10\/2016"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Leishmaniases are neglected tropical diseases caused by obligate intracellular protozoa of the genus Leishmania. The drugs used in treatment have a high financial cost, a long treatment time, high toxicity, and variable efficacy. 3-Carene (3CR) is a hydrocarbon monoterpene that has shown in vitro activity against some Leishmania species; however, it has low water solubility and high volatility. This study aimed to develop Poloxamer 407 micelles capable of delivering 3CR (P407-3CR) to improve antileishmanial activity. The micelles formulated presented nanometric size, medium or low polydispersity, and Newtonian fluid rheological behavior. 3CR and P407-3CR inhibited the growth of L. (L.) amazonensis promastigote with IC50\/48h of 488.1 \u00b1 3.7 and 419.9 \u00b11.5 mM, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy analysis showed that 3CR induces multiple nuclei and kinetoplast phenotypes and the formation of numerous cytosolic invaginations. Additionally, the micelles were not cytotoxic to L929 cells or murine peritoneal macrophages, presenting activity on intracellular amastigotes. P407-3CR micelles (IC50\/72 h = 0.7 \u00b1 0.1 mM) increased the monoterpene activity by at least twice (3CR: IC50\/72 h &gt;1.5 mM). These results showed that P407 micelles are an effective nanosystem for delivering 3CR and potentiating antileishmanial activity. More studies are needed to evaluate this system as a potential therapeutic option for leishmaniases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed8060324","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,16]],"date-time":"2023-06-16T03:24:58Z","timestamp":1686885898000},"page":"324","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Effect of 3-Carene and the Micellar Formulation on Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Audrey Rouse Soares Tavares","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, S\u00e3o Crist\u00f3v\u00e3o 49100-000, Sergipe, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda Mendon\u00e7a Barros","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, S\u00e3o Crist\u00f3v\u00e3o 49100-000, Sergipe, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7318-1867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Scher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, S\u00e3o Crist\u00f3v\u00e3o 49100-000, Sergipe, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valter Viana","family":"Andrade-Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Bioqu\u00edmica de Tripanosomat\u00eddeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor Hugo Vitorino","family":"Sarmento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Itabaina 49506-036, Sergipe, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana de Jesus","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, S\u00e3o Crist\u00f3v\u00e3o 49100-000, Sergipe, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo Caio","family":"Torres-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Bioqu\u00edmica de Tripanosomat\u00eddeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sona","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Biotecnologia Industrial, Universidade Tiradentes, Aracaju 49032-490, Sergipe, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rog\u00e9ria de Souza","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, S\u00e3o Crist\u00f3v\u00e3o 49100-000, Sergipe, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1352-0641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rubem Figueiredo Sadok","family":"Menna-Barreto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5576-3214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvio Santana","family":"Dolabella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, S\u00e3o Crist\u00f3v\u00e3o 49100-000, Sergipe, Brazil"},{"name":"Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, S\u00e3o Crist\u00f3v\u00e3o 49100-000, Sergipe, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622286","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2021.622286","article-title":"An Overview on the Therapeutics of Neglected Infectious Diseases\u2014Leishmaniasis and Chagas Diseases","volume":"9","author":"Brindha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. 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