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Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes and amastigotes induce NET release, and we have identified the signaling pathways involved in NET extrusion activated by promastigotes. Amastigotes maintain the infection in vertebrate hosts, and we have shown the association of NETs with amastigotes in human biopsies of cutaneous leishmaniasis. However, the interaction of amastigotes and neutrophils remains poorly understood. Our study aimed to characterize the pathways involved in the formation of NETs induced by axenic amastigotes from L. infantum, the causal agent of visceral leishmaniasis. Human neutrophils pretreated with signaling pathway inhibitors were incubated with amastigotes, and NET release was quantified in the culture supernatant. Amastigote viability was checked after incubation with NETs. We found that the release of NETs by neutrophils stimulated with these amastigotes requires the participation of elastase and peptidyl arginine deaminase and the involvement of PI3K, ROS, and calcium. Moreover, amastigotes are not susceptible to NET-mediated killing. Altogether, these findings improve our comprehension of the signaling pathways implicated in the interaction between amastigotes and human neutrophils.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed8070336","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]],"date-time":"2023-06-26T03:14:56Z","timestamp":1687749296000},"page":"336","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Leishmania infantum Axenic Amastigotes Induce Human Neutrophil Extracellular Traps and Resist NET-Mediated Killing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6392-7127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thamara K. F.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunologia das Leishmanioses, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de G\u00f3es, Centro de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jullyanna","family":"Oliveira-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunologia das Leishmanioses, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de G\u00f3es, Centro de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leandra","family":"Linhares-Lacerda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunologia das Leishmanioses, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de G\u00f3es, Centro de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3155-2388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanderlei","family":"da Silva Fraga-Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunologia Molecular e Celular, Instituto de Biof\u00edsica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia F.","family":"Benjamim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunologia Molecular e Celular, Instituto de Biof\u00edsica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4582-1980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anderson B.","family":"Guimaraes-Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunologia das Leishmanioses, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de G\u00f3es, Centro de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elvira M.","family":"Saraiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunologia das Leishmanioses, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de G\u00f3es, Centro de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2023, May 08). 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