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South America, an infectious disease associated with malnutrition, anemia, and hepatosplenomegaly. In Brazil alone, around 2700 cases are reported each year. Treatment failure can occur as a result of drug, host, and\/or parasite-related factors. Here, we isolated a Leishmania species from a pediatric patient with visceral leishmaniasis that did not respond to chemotherapy, experiencing a total of nine therapeutic relapses and undergoing a splenectomy. The parasite was confirmed as L. (L.) infantum after sequencing of the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer, and the clinical isolate, in both promastigote and amastigote forms, was submitted to in vitro susceptibility assays with all the drugs currently used in the chemotherapy of leishmaniasis. The isolate was susceptible to meglumine antimoniate, amphotericin B, pentamidine, miltefosine, and paromomycin, similarly to another strain of this species that had previously been characterized. These findings indicate that the multiples relapses observed in this pediatric patient were not due to a decrease in the drug susceptibility of this isolate; therefore, immunophysiological aspects of the patient should be further investigated to understand the basis of treatment failure in this case.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed8070354","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]],"date-time":"2023-07-05T00:37:28Z","timestamp":1688517448000},"page":"354","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["In Vitro Drug Susceptibility of a Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum Isolate from a Visceral Leishmaniasis Pediatric Patient after Multiple Relapses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Bianca A.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gustavo de A.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas e da Sa\u00fade, Universidade Federal do Maranh\u00e3o, S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds 65080-805, Brazil"},{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade e Ambiente, Centro de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas e da Sa\u00fade, Universidade Federal do Maranh\u00e3o, S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds 65080-805, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8664-2009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth M.","family":"Coser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana M.","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas e da Sa\u00fade, Universidade Federal do Maranh\u00e3o, S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds 65080-805, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9968-6214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00f4nica E. A.","family":"Gama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade e Ambiente, Centro de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas e da Sa\u00fade, Universidade Federal do Maranh\u00e3o, S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds 65080-805, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Le\u00f4nidas L. B.","family":"J\u00fanior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina, Centro de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas e da Sa\u00fade, Universidade Federal do Maranh\u00e3o, S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds 65080-805, Brazil"},{"name":"Hospital Universit\u00e1rio, Universidade Federal do Maranh\u00e3o, S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds 65080-805, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9549-0238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabr\u00edcio S.","family":"Pessoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina, Centro de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas e da Sa\u00fade, Universidade Federal do Maranh\u00e3o, S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds 65080-805, Brazil"},{"name":"Hospital Universit\u00e1rio, Universidade Federal do Maranh\u00e3o, S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds 65080-805, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayara I. S.","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas e da Sa\u00fade, Universidade Federal do Maranh\u00e3o, S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds 65080-805, Brazil"},{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade e Ambiente, Centro de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas e da Sa\u00fade, Universidade Federal do Maranh\u00e3o, S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds 65080-805, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8070-3704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia R. 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