{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T23:52:57Z","timestamp":1785628377236,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Merck Global Health Institute","award":["111671815"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["111671815"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The global malaria community has picked up the theme of malaria elimination in more than 90% of the world\u2019s population in the next decade. Recent reports of Plasmodium vivax (P. vivax) in sub-Saharan Africa, including in Duffy-negative individuals, threaten the efforts aimed at achieving elimination. This is not only in view of strategies that are tailored only to P. falciparum elimination but also due to currently revealed biological characteristics of P. vivax concerning the relapse patterns of hypnozoites and conservation of large biomasses in cryptic sites in the bone marrow and spleen. A typical scenario was observed in Botswana between 2008 and 2018, which palpably projects how P. vivax could endanger malaria elimination efforts where the two parasites co-exist. The need for the global malaria community, national malaria programs (NMPs), funding agencies and relevant stakeholders to engage in a forum to discuss and recommend clear pathways for elimination of malaria, including P. vivax, in sub-Saharan Africa is warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed8080392","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T09:24:24Z","timestamp":1690881864000},"page":"392","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Malaria Elimination in Africa: Rethinking Strategies for Plasmodium vivax and Lessons from Botswana"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Isaac K.","family":"Quaye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pan African Vivax and Ovale Network, Faculty of Engineering Computer and Allied Sciences, Regent University College of Science and Technology, #1 Regent Ave, McCarthy Hill, Mendskrom, Dansoman, Accra P.O. Box DS1636, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larysa","family":"Aleksenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge, Middlesex, London UB8 3PH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0751-0682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giacomo M.","family":"Paganotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana-University of Pennsylvania Partnership, Riverwalk, Gaborone P.O. Box 45498, Botswana"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elias","family":"Peloewetse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone Private Bag 00704, Botswana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel H.","family":"Haiyambo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human, Biological and Translational Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia School of Medicine, Hage Geingob Campus, Windhoek Private Bag 13301, Namibia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davies","family":"Ntebela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Malaria Program, Ministry of Health, Gaborone Private Bag 0038, Botswana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claude","family":"Oeuvray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Institute of Merck, Terre Bonne Building Z0, Route de Crassier 1, Eysin, 1266 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatrice","family":"Greco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Institute of Merck, Terre Bonne Building Z0, Route de Crassier 1, Eysin, 1266 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"the PAVON Consortium","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31139-0","article-title":"Malaria eradication within a generation: Ambitious, achievable, and necessary","volume":"394","author":"Feachem","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rabinovich, R.N., Drakeley, C., Djimde, A.A., Hall, B.F., Hay, S.I., Hemingway, J., Kaslow, D.C., Noor, A., Okumu, F., and Steketee, R. 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