{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T03:01:30Z","timestamp":1784343690744,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]],"date-time":"2023-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Toxoplasma gondii is deemed a successful parasite worldwide with a wide range of hosts. Currently, a combination of pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine serves as the first-line treatment; however, these drugs have serious adverse effects. Therefore, it is imperative to focus on new therapies that produce the desired effect with the lowest possible dose. The designation and synthesis of sulfonamide-1,2,3-triazole hybrids (3a\u2013c) were performed to create hybrid frameworks. The newly synthesized compounds were loaded on chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) to form nanoformulations (3a.CNP, 3b.CNP, 3c.CNP) for further in vitro investigation as an anti-Toxoplasma treatment. The current study demonstrated that all examined compounds were active against T. gondii in vitro relative to the control drug, sulfadiazine. 3c.CNP showed the best impact against T. gondii with the lowest IC50 value of 3.64 \u00b5g\/mL. Using light microscopy, it was found that Vero cells treated with the three nanoformulae showed remarkable morphological improvement, and tachyzoites were rarely seen in the treated cells. Moreover, scanning and transmission electron microscopic studies confirmed the efficacy of the prepared nanoformulae on the parasites. All of them caused parasite ultrastructural damage and altered morphology, suggesting a cytopathic effect and hence confirming their promising anti-Toxoplasma activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed8080401","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]],"date-time":"2023-08-07T06:38:48Z","timestamp":1691390328000},"page":"401","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Nanoformulation-Based 1,2,3-Triazole Sulfonamides for Anti-Toxoplasma\u00a0In Vitro Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7753-3193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fadwa M.","family":"Arafa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21577, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8092-2843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heba","family":"Said","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21561, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doaa","family":"Osman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21561, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadjet","family":"Rezki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taibah University, Al Madinah Al Munawarah 30002, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed R.","family":"Aouad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taibah University, Al Madinah Al Munawarah 30002, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0169-7738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Hagar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21321, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mervat","family":"Osman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21561, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6596-3156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bassma H.","family":"Elwakil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences Technology, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria 21526, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariusz","family":"Jaremko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smart-Health Initiative (SHI) and Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mona Mohamed","family":"Tolba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21561, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182012000765","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis in humans and animals in Brazil: High prevalence, high burden of disease, and epidemiology","volume":"139","author":"Dubey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.23.2.1506","article-title":"Emerging food\u2013borne zoonoses","volume":"23","author":"Schlundt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev. 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