{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T10:17:50Z","timestamp":1789208270976,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]],"date-time":"2023-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694476800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior"},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico"},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Visceral leishmaniasis is a high-burden disease caused by parasites of the Leishmania genus. The K39 kinesin is a highly antigenic protein of Leishmania infantum, but little is known about the immune response elicited by this antigen. We evaluated the humoral immune response of female BALB\/c mice (n = 6) immunized with the rK39-HFBI construct, formed by the fusion of the K39 antigen to a hydrophobin partner. The rK39-HFBI construct was administered through subcutaneous, oral, and intranasal routes using saponin as an adjuvant. We analyzed the kinetics of IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a production. The groups were then challenged by an intravenous infection with L. infantum promastigote cells. The rK39-HFBI antigen-induced high levels of total IgG (p &lt; 0.05) in all groups, but only the subcutaneous route was associated with increased production of IgG1 and IgG2a 42 days after immunization (p &lt; 0.05), suggesting a potential secondary immune response following the booster dose. There was no reduction in the splenic parasite load; thus, the rK39-HFBI failed to protect the mice against infection under the tested conditions. The results presented here demonstrate that the high antigenicity of the K39 antigen does not contribute to a protective immune response against visceral leishmaniasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed8090444","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]],"date-time":"2023-09-12T03:54:06Z","timestamp":1694490846000},"page":"444","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Subcutaneous, Oral, and Intranasal Immunization of BALB\/c Mice with Leishmania infantum K39 Antigen Induces Non-Protective Humoral Immune Response"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Bruno Bezerra da","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), State University of Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza 60714903, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amauri Barbosa da","family":"Silva Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), State University of Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza 60714903, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucelina da Silva","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), State University of Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza 60714903, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduarda Nattaly Ferreira Nobre","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), State University of Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza 60714903, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Cl\u00e1udia Marinho da","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), State University of Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza 60714903, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eridan Orlando Pereira Tramontina","family":"Florean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), State University of Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza 60714903, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5819-0861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maur\u00edcio Fraga","family":"van Tilburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), State University of Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza 60714903, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Izabel Florindo","family":"Guedes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), State University of Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza 60714903, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1412-x","article-title":"Regulation of immunity during visceral Leishmania infection","volume":"9","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01492","article-title":"Immune Checkpoint Targets for Host-Directed Therapy to Prevent and Treat Leishmaniasis","volume":"8","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. 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