{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T10:38:19Z","timestamp":1784543899683,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]],"date-time":"2023-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694476800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"UNICEF\/UNDP\/World Bank\/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (WHO\/TDR)","award":["B80149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B80149"]}]},{"name":"UNICEF\/UNDP\/World Bank\/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (WHO\/TDR)","award":["B80153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B80153"]}]},{"name":"UNICEF\/UNDP\/World Bank\/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (WHO\/TDR)","award":["R01AI144161"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI144161"]}]},{"name":"UNICEF\/UNDP\/World Bank\/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (WHO\/TDR)","award":["ERC 671055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ERC 671055"]}]},{"name":"UNICEF\/UNDP\/World Bank\/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (WHO\/TDR)","award":["RIA2017NCT-1843"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RIA2017NCT-1843"]}]},{"name":"UNICEF\/UNDP\/World Bank\/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (WHO\/TDR)","award":["MDGH-MOX-3001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MDGH-MOX-3001"]}]},{"name":"UNICEF\/UNDP\/World Bank\/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (WHO\/TDR)","award":["MDGH-MOX-3002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MDGH-MOX-3002"]}]},{"name":"UNICEF\/UNDP\/World Bank\/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (WHO\/TDR)","award":["Inter\/Vaillant\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Inter\/Vaillant\/2018"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)","award":["B80149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B80149"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)","award":["B80153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B80153"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)","award":["R01AI144161"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI144161"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)","award":["ERC 671055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ERC 671055"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)","award":["RIA2017NCT-1843"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RIA2017NCT-1843"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)","award":["MDGH-MOX-3001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MDGH-MOX-3001"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)","award":["MDGH-MOX-3002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MDGH-MOX-3002"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)","award":["Inter\/Vaillant\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Inter\/Vaillant\/2018"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["B80149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B80149"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["B80153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B80153"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI144161"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI144161"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ERC 671055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ERC 671055"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RIA2017NCT-1843"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RIA2017NCT-1843"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MDGH-MOX-3001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MDGH-MOX-3001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MDGH-MOX-3002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MDGH-MOX-3002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Inter\/Vaillant\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Inter\/Vaillant\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001713","name":"EDCTP","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["B80149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B80149"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001713","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001713","name":"EDCTP","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["B80153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B80153"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001713","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001713","name":"EDCTP","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI144161"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI144161"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001713","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001713","name":"EDCTP","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ERC 671055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ERC 671055"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001713","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001713","name":"EDCTP","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RIA2017NCT-1843"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RIA2017NCT-1843"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001713","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001713","name":"EDCTP","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MDGH-MOX-3001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MDGH-MOX-3001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001713","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001713","name":"EDCTP","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MDGH-MOX-3002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MDGH-MOX-3002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001713","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001713","name":"EDCTP","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Inter\/Vaillant\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Inter\/Vaillant\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001713","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"DRC","award":["B80149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B80149"]}]},{"name":"DRC","award":["B80153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B80153"]}]},{"name":"DRC","award":["R01AI144161"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI144161"]}]},{"name":"DRC","award":["ERC 671055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ERC 671055"]}]},{"name":"DRC","award":["RIA2017NCT-1843"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RIA2017NCT-1843"]}]},{"name":"DRC","award":["MDGH-MOX-3001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MDGH-MOX-3001"]}]},{"name":"DRC","award":["MDGH-MOX-3002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MDGH-MOX-3002"]}]},{"name":"DRC","award":["Inter\/Vaillant\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Inter\/Vaillant\/2018"]}]},{"name":"Medicines Development for Global Health","award":["B80149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B80149"]}]},{"name":"Medicines Development for Global Health","award":["B80153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B80153"]}]},{"name":"Medicines Development for Global Health","award":["R01AI144161"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI144161"]}]},{"name":"Medicines Development for Global Health","award":["ERC 671055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ERC 671055"]}]},{"name":"Medicines Development for Global Health","award":["RIA2017NCT-1843"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RIA2017NCT-1843"]}]},{"name":"Medicines Development for Global Health","award":["MDGH-MOX-3001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MDGH-MOX-3001"]}]},{"name":"Medicines Development for Global Health","award":["MDGH-MOX-3002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MDGH-MOX-3002"]}]},{"name":"Medicines Development for Global Health","award":["Inter\/Vaillant\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Inter\/Vaillant\/2018"]}]},{"name":"Luxembourg National Research (LNR) fund","award":["B80149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B80149"]}]},{"name":"Luxembourg National Research (LNR) fund","award":["B80153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B80153"]}]},{"name":"Luxembourg National Research (LNR) fund","award":["R01AI144161"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI144161"]}]},{"name":"Luxembourg National Research (LNR) fund","award":["ERC 671055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ERC 671055"]}]},{"name":"Luxembourg National Research (LNR) fund","award":["RIA2017NCT-1843"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RIA2017NCT-1843"]}]},{"name":"Luxembourg National Research (LNR) fund","award":["MDGH-MOX-3001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MDGH-MOX-3001"]}]},{"name":"Luxembourg National Research (LNR) fund","award":["MDGH-MOX-3002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MDGH-MOX-3002"]}]},{"name":"Luxembourg National Research (LNR) fund","award":["Inter\/Vaillant\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Inter\/Vaillant\/2018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>WHO and endemic countries target elimination of transmission of Onchocerca volvulus, the parasite causing onchocerciasis. Population genetic analysis of O. volvulus may provide data to improve the evidence base for decisions on when, where, and for how long to deploy which interventions and post-intervention surveillance to achieve elimination. Development of necessary methods and tools requires parasites suitable for genetic analysis. Based on our experience with microfilariae obtained from different collaborators, we developed a microfilariae transfer procedure for large-scale studies in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) comparing safety and efficacy of ivermectin, the mainstay of current onchocerciasis elimination strategies, and moxidectin, a new drug. This procedure is designed to increase the percentage of microfilariae in skin snips suitable for genetic analysis, improve assignment to metadata, and minimize time and materials needed by the researchers collecting the microfilariae. Among 664 microfilariae from South Sudan, 35.7% and 39.5% failed the mitochondrial and nuclear qPCR assay. Among the 576 microfilariae from DRC, 16.0% and 16.7% failed these assays, respectively. This difference may not only be related to the microfilariae transfer procedure but also to other factors, notably the ethanol concentration in the tubes in which microfilariae were stored (64% vs. \u226575%).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed8090445","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]],"date-time":"2023-09-12T21:41:12Z","timestamp":1694554872000},"page":"445","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Procedure for Handling and Storage of Onchocerca volvulus Microfilariae Obtained from Skin Snips for Downstream Genetic Work"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7499-7662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shannon M.","family":"Hedtke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment and Genetics, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5831-4720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anusha","family":"Kode","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment and Genetics, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0654-8910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tony O.","family":"Ukety","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche en Maladies Tropicales (CRMT), Bunia P.O. Box 143, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6el L.","family":"Mande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche en Maladies Tropicales (CRMT), Bunia P.O. Box 143, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Germain M.","family":"Abhafule","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche en Maladies Tropicales (CRMT), Bunia P.O. Box 143, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anuarite A.","family":"Raciu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche en Maladies Tropicales (CRMT), Bunia P.O. Box 143, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claude B.","family":"Uvon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche en Maladies Tropicales (CRMT), Bunia P.O. Box 143, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen R.","family":"Jada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amref South Sudan, Juba P.O. Box 30125, South Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3356-4032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"An","family":"Hotterbeekx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Institute, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3544-1239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph Nelson","family":"Siewe Fodjo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Institute, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9572-3436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Makedonka","family":"Mitreva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis and McDonnell Genome Institute, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilson","family":"Sebit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Public Health Laboratory, Juba P.O. Box 88, South Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1919-1340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Colebunders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Institute, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Warwick N.","family":"Grant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment and Genetics, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annette C.","family":"Kuesel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNICEF\/UNDP\/World Bank\/World Health Organization Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), World Health Organization, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"576","article-title":"Helminthic diseases: Onchocerciasis and loiasis","volume":"Volume 3","author":"Quah","year":"2017","journal-title":"The International Encyclopedia of Public Health"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bas\u00e1\u00f1ez, M.G., Pion, S.D., Churcher, T.S., Breitling, L.P., Little, M.P., and Boussinesq, M. (2006). River blindness: A success story under threat?. PLoS Med., 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030371"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Awadzi, K., Opoku, N.O., Attah, S.K., Lazdins-Helds, J., and Kuesel, A.C. (2014). A randomized, single-ascending-dose, ivermectin-controlled, double-blind study of moxidectin in Onchocerca volvulus infection. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002953"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30425-0","article-title":"The temporal relationship between onchocerciasis and epilepsy: A population-based cohort study","volume":"18","author":"Chesnais","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fodjo, J.N.S., Mandro, M., Mukendi, D., Tepage, F., Menon, S., Nakato, S., Nyisi, F., Abhafule, G., Wonya\u2019rossi, D., and Anyolito, A. (2019). Onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy in the Democratic Republic of Congo: Clinical description and relationship with microfilarial density. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007300"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw144","article-title":"Does increasing treatment frequency address suboptimal responses to ivermectin for the control and elimination of River blindness?","volume":"62","author":"Frempong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0695","article-title":"Detection of Onchocerca volvulus in skin snips by microscopy and real-time polymerase chain reaction: Implications for monitoring and evaluation activities","volume":"94","author":"Theile","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1913-7","article-title":"An isothermal DNA amplification method for detection of Onchocerca volvulus infection in skin biopsies","volume":"9","author":"Lagatie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2016). Guidelines for Stopping Mass Drug Administration and Verifying Elimination of Human Onchocerciasis: Criteria and Procedures, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"World Health Organization, and African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control (2010). Conceptual and Operational Framework of Onchocerciasis Elimination with Ivermectin Treatment, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"World Health Organization, and African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control (2015). Report of the Consultative Meetings on Strategic Options and Alternative Treatment Strategies for Accelerating Onchocerciasis Elimination in Africa, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i71","DOI":"10.1093\/inthealth\/ihx039","article-title":"Progress toward elimination of onchocerciasis in the Americas","volume":"10","author":"Sauerbrey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022). Elimination of human onchocerciasis: Progress report, 2021. Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec., 97, 591\u2013598."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-325","article-title":"The geographic distribution of onchocerciasis in the 20 participating countries of the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control: (1) priority areas for ivermectin treatment","volume":"7","author":"Noma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-325","article-title":"The geographic distribution of onchocerciasis in the 20 participating countries of the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control: (2) pre-control endemicity levels and estimated number infected","volume":"7","author":"Noma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diawara, L., Traore, M.O., Badji, A., Bissan, Y., Doumbia, K., Goita, S.F., Konate, L., Mounkoro, K., Sarr, M.D., and Seck, A.F. (2009). Feasibility of onchocerciasis elimination with ivermectin treatment in endemic foci in Africa: First evidence from studies in Mali and Senegal. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000497"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-016-0160-7","article-title":"Progress towards onchocerciasis elimination in the participating countries of the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control: Epidemiological evaluation results","volume":"5","author":"Tekle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Poverty"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Traore, M.O., Sarr, M.D., Badji, A., Bissan, Y., Diawara, L., Doumbia, K., Goita, S.F., Konate, L., Mounkoro, K., and Seck, A.F. (2012). Proof-of-principle of onchocerciasis elimination with ivermectin treatment in endemic foci in Africa: Final results of a study in Mali and Senegal. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001825"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Crawford, K.E., Hedtke, S.M., Kuesel, A.C., Doyle, S.D., Armoo, S., Osei-Atweneboana, M., and Grant, W.N. (2019). Genome-based tools for onchocerciasis elimination: Utility of the mitochondrial genome for delineating Onchocerca volvulus transmission zones. bioRxiv."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shrestha, H., McCulloch, K., Chisholm, R.H., Armoo, S., Vierigh, F., Sirwani, N., Crawford, K.E., Osei-Ateweneboana, M.Y., Grant, W.N., and Hedtke, S.M. (2023). Synthesizing environmental, epidemiological, and genetic data to understand the persistence of onchocerciasis transmission in the ecological transition region of Ghana. medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.02.14.23285937"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16207","DOI":"10.1038\/nmicrobiol.2016.207","article-title":"Genomic diversity in Onchocerca volvulus and its Wolbachia endosymbiont","volume":"2","author":"Choi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hedtke, S.M., Choi, Y.-J., Kode, A., Chalasani, G.C., Sirwani, N., Jada, S.R., Hotterbeekx, A., Mandro, M., Siewe Fodjo, J.N., and Amombo, G.N. (2023). Assessing intensity of infection and genetic diversity of onchocerciasis using mitochondrial genome sequencing of single microfilariae. Pathogens, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12070971"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doyle, S.R., Bourguinat, C., Nana-Djeunga, H.C., Kengne-Ouafo, J.A., Pion, S.D.S., Bopda, J., Kamgno, J., Wanji, S., Che, H., and Kuesel, A.C. (2017). Genome-wide analysis of ivermectin response by Onchocerca volvulus reveals that genetic drift and soft selective sweeps contribute to loss of drug sensitivity. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005816"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2019.01282","article-title":"Genomic epidemiology in filarial nematodes: Transforming the basis for elimination program decisions","volume":"10","author":"Hedtke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-11-14","article-title":"Understanding the population genetics of Plasmodium vivax is essential for malaria control and elimination","volume":"11","author":"Arnott","year":"2012","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-2784-0","article-title":"Use cases for genetic epidemiology in malaria elimination","volume":"18","author":"Dalmat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-03330-5","article-title":"Implementing parasite genotyping into national surveillance frameworks: Feedback from control programmes and researchers in the Asia-Pacific region","volume":"19","author":"Noviyanti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michalski, M.L., Griffiths, K.G., Williams, S.A., Kaplan, R.M., and Moorhead, A.R. (2011). The NIH-NIAID Filariasis Research Reagent Resource Center. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001261"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021). Onchocerciasis: Diagnostic Target Product Profile to Support Preventative Chemotherapy, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biamonte, M.A., Cantey, P.T., Coulibaly, Y.I., Gass, K.M., Hamill, L.C., Hanna, C., Lammie, P.J., Kamgno, J., Nutman, T.B., and Oguttu, D.W. (2022). Onchocerciasis: Target product profiles of in vitro diagnostics to support onchocerciasis elimination mapping and mass drug administration stopping decisions. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010682"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shey, R.A., Ghogomu, S.M., Shintouo, C.M., Nkemngo, F.N., Nebangwa, D.N., Esoh, K., Yaah, N.E., Manka\u2019aFri, M., Nguve, J.E., and Ngwese, R.A. (2021). Computational design and preliminary serological analysis of a novel multi-epitope vaccine candidate against onchocerciasis and related filarial diseases. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10020099"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.08.011","article-title":"Onchocerca volvulus: The road from basic biology to a vaccine","volume":"34","author":"Lustigman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869039","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.869039","article-title":"Advancing a human onchocerciasis vaccine from antigen discovery to efficacy studies against natural infection of cattle with Onchocerca ochengi","volume":"12","author":"Zhan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1684\/epd.2020.1164","article-title":"Persons with onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy and nodding seizures have a more severe form of epilepsy with more cognitive impairment and higher levels of Onchocerca volvulus infection","volume":"22","author":"Carter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epileptic Disord."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dusabimana, A., Tsebeni Wafula, S., Raimon, S.J., Fodjo, J.N.S., Bhwana, D., Tepage, F., Abd-Elfarag, G., Hotterbeekx, A., Abrams, S., and Colebunders, R. (2020). Effect of ivermectin treatment on the frequency of seizures in persons with epilepsy infected with Onchocerca volvulus. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10010021"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dusabimana, A., Bhwana, D., Raimon, S., Mmbando, B.P., Hotterbeekx, A., Tepage, F., Mandro, M., Siewe Fodjo, J.N., Abrams, S., and Colebunders, R. (2020). Ivermectin treatment response in Onchocerca volvulus infected persons with epilepsy: A three-country short cohort study. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9080617"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2008.112797","article-title":"The MIQE guidelines: Minimum information for publication of quantitative real-time PCR experiments","volume":"55","author":"Bustin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1007\/s00217-007-0683-z","article-title":"Modelling the limit of detection in real-time quantitative PCR","volume":"226","author":"Burns","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. Food Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"R Development Core Team (2008). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10799","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.10799","article-title":"The effect of ethanol concentration on the morphological and molecular preservation of insects for biodiversity studies","volume":"9","author":"Marquina","year":"2021","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1111\/1755-0998.12644","article-title":"Detecting invertebrate species in archived collections using next-generation sequencing","volume":"17","author":"Carew","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol. Resour."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fobi, G., Yameogo, L., Noma, M., Aholou, Y., Koroma, J.B., Zoure, H.M., Ukety, T., Lusamba-Dikassa, P.S., Mwikisa, C., and Boakye, D.A. (2015). Managing the fight against onchocerciasis in Africa: APOC experience. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003542"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coffeng, L.E., Stolk, W.A., Zoure, H.G., Veerman, J.L., Agblewonu, K.B., Murdoch, M.E., Noma, M., Fobi, G., Richardus, J.H., and Bundy, D.A. (2014). African programme for onchocerciasis control 1995\u20132015: Updated health impact estimates based on new disability weights. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002759"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i40","DOI":"10.1093\/inthealth\/ihx054","article-title":"Alternative treatment strategies to accelerate the elimination of onchocerciasis","volume":"10","author":"Boussinesq","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Health"}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/8\/9\/445\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:49:37Z","timestamp":1760129377000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/8\/9\/445"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["tropicalmed8090445"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/tropicalmed8090445","relation":{},"ISSN":["2414-6366"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2414-6366","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]]}}}