{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T04:53:54Z","timestamp":1791780834244,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]],"date-time":"2024-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706140800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cESF Investing in your future\u201d","award":["PRE2021\u2013096909"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRE2021\u2013096909"]}]},{"name":"University of Le\u00f3n","award":["PRE2021\u2013096909"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRE2021\u2013096909"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>One of the major drawbacks of current treatments for neglected tropical diseases is the low safety of the drugs used and the emergence of resistance. Leishmaniasis is a group of neglected diseases caused by protozoa of the trypanosomatidae family that lacks preventive vaccines and whose pharmacological treatments are scarce and unsafe. Combination therapy is a strategy that could solve the above-mentioned problems, due to the participation of several mechanisms of action and the reduction in the amount of drug necessary to obtain the therapeutic effect. In addition, this approach also increases the odds of finding an effective drug following the repurposing strategy. From the previous screening of two collections of repositioning drugs, we found that pyrvinium pamoate had a potent leishmanicidal effect. For this reason, we decided to combine it separately with two clinically used leishmanicidal drugs, miltefosine and paromomycin. These combinations were tested in axenic amastigotes of Leishmania infantum obtained from bone marrow cells and in intramacrophagic amastigotes obtained from primary cultures of splenic cells, both cell types coming from experimentally infected mice. Some of the combinations showed synergistic behavior, especially in the case of the combination of pyrvinium pamoate with paromomycin, and exhibited low cytotoxicity and good tolerability on intestinal murine organoids, which reveal the potential of these combinations for the treatment of leishmaniasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed9020030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]],"date-time":"2024-01-25T08:44:07Z","timestamp":1706172247000},"page":"30","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["In Vitro and Ex Vivo Synergistic Effect of Pyrvinium Pamoate Combined with Miltefosine and Paromomycin against Leishmania"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9663-060X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Estela","family":"Melc\u00f3n-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Le\u00f3n, 24071 Leon, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6854-5507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulio","family":"Galli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Le\u00f3n, 24071 Leon, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0418-6116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Bala\u00f1a-Fouce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Le\u00f3n, 24071 Leon, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIOMED), Universidad de Le\u00f3n, Campus de Vegazana s\/n, 24071 Leon, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nerea","family":"Garc\u00eda-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Le\u00f3n, 24071 Leon, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3723-1895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Valladares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ganader\u00eda de Monta\u00f1a (IGM), CSIC-Universidad de Le\u00f3n, 24346 Grulleros, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9148-2997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa M.","family":"Reguera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Le\u00f3n, 24071 Leon, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIOMED), Universidad de Le\u00f3n, Campus de Vegazana s\/n, 24071 Leon, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5617-9669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Garc\u00eda-Estrada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Le\u00f3n, 24071 Leon, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIOMED), Universidad de Le\u00f3n, Campus de Vegazana s\/n, 24071 Leon, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yolanda","family":"P\u00e9rez-Pertejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Le\u00f3n, 24071 Leon, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIOMED), Universidad de Le\u00f3n, Campus de Vegazana s\/n, 24071 Leon, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-021-07139-2","article-title":"Leishmaniasis: Where are we and where are we heading?","volume":"120","author":"Sasidharan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasitol. 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