{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T02:50:05Z","timestamp":1789959005983,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]],"date-time":"2024-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706832000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of International Development (DFID)"},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education (Sudan)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A study was carried out to compare the infection rates of Leishmania donovani in Phlebotomus orientalis sandflies at different microhabitats of a VL endemic village in Gedarif state, Sudan. DNA extracts of 1078 P. orientalis sand fly females sampled by CDC light traps from indoor, outdoor, peri-domestic, and sylvatic sites, in three transmission seasons, March\u2013June 2016\u201318, in Helat-Belo village, were subjected to independent PCR amplifications targeting Leishmania kDNA and the cpb gene followed by ITS1 region sequencing. Leishmania kDNA was detected in 1.4% of the 1078 P. orientalis females captured in the area. Two of these specimens showed a characteristic 741 bp band of L. donovani after cpb gene amplification. The DNA sequence of the ITS1 region of the parasites matched the ITS1 L. donovani genotype F. There were no signficant differences between rates of infection of L. donovani in P. orientalis captured at different sites. Blood meals found in infected flies origninated from human (5 specimens), cattle (4 specimens) and donkey (2 specimens). The finding of fresh cow and donkey blood in the infected flies suggests the possible role of these animals in the zoopotentiation and\/or zooprophylaxis against VL. The study provides important information for VL transmission models and control programs in East Africa.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed9020040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]],"date-time":"2024-02-02T09:42:32Z","timestamp":1706866952000},"page":"40","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Infection of Leishmania donovani in Phlebotomus orientalis Sand Flies at Different Microhabitats of a Kala-Azar Endemic Village in Eastern Sudan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Altayeb","family":"Khogali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Blue Nile National Institute for Communicable Diseases, University of Gezira, Wad Medani 21111, Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3651-7904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dia-Eldin A.","family":"Elnaiem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, 1 Backbone Rd., Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ram\u00f3n","family":"D\u00edaz-Rega\u00f1\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Entomology Laboratory, National Center for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tayseer","family":"Jibreel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blue Nile National Institute for Communicable Diseases, University of Gezira, Wad Medani 21111, Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bakri Y. M.","family":"Nour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blue Nile National Institute for Communicable Diseases, University of Gezira, Wad Medani 21111, Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samira Hamid","family":"Abdelrahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blue Nile National Institute for Communicable Diseases, University of Gezira, Wad Medani 21111, Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Molina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Entomology Laboratory, National Center for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Collaborative Biomedical Research Center in Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5615-3087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maribel","family":"Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Entomology Laboratory, National Center for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Collaborative Biomedical Research Center in Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1763","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00392-2","article-title":"Towards the elimination of visceral leishmaniasis as a public health problem in east Africa: Reflections on an enhanced control strategy and a call for action","volume":"9","author":"Alvar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. 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