{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:01:47Z","timestamp":1760144507060,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]],"date-time":"2024-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712793600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32HL007567","R01AI157807","U19AI162583","BAA-NIAID-NIHAI201700104","R01AI147319"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32HL007567","R01AI157807","U19AI162583","BAA-NIAID-NIHAI201700104","R01AI147319"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Reductions in tuberculosis (TB) incidence require identification of individuals at high risk of developing active disease, such as those with recent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. Using a prospective household contact (HHC) study in Kampala, Uganda, we diagnosed new Mtb infection using both the tuberculin skin test (TST) and interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA). Our study aimed to determine if the TST adds additional value to the characterization of IGRA converters. We identified 13 HHCs who only converted the IGRA (QFT-only converters), 39 HHCs who only converted their TST (TST-only converters), and 24 HHCs who converted both tests (QFT\/TST converters). Univariate analysis revealed that TST-only converters were older. Additionally, increased odds of TST-only conversion were associated with older age (p = 0.02) and crowdedness (p = 0.025). QFT\/TST converters had higher QFT quantitative values at conversion than QFT-only converters and a bigger change in TST quantitative values at conversion than TST-only converters. Collectively, these data indicate that TST conversion alone likely overestimates Mtb infection. Its correlation to older age suggests an \u201cenvironmental\u201d boosting response due to prolonged exposure to environmental mycobacteria. This result also suggests that QFT\/TST conversion may be associated with a more robust immune response, which should be considered when planning vaccine studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed9040081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]],"date-time":"2024-04-11T07:09:28Z","timestamp":1712819368000},"page":"81","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Capturing Recent Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection by Tuberculin Skin Test vs. Interferon-Gamma Release Assay"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Gutierrez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population and Quantitative Health Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Nsereko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uganda-CWRU Research Collaboration and Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala 7062, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"LaShaunda L.","family":"Malone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harriet","family":"Mayanja-Kizza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uganda-CWRU Research Collaboration and Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala 7062, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hussein","family":"Kisingo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uganda-CWRU Research Collaboration and Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala 7062, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"W. Henry","family":"Boom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles M.","family":"Bark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9763-5023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine M.","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population and Quantitative Health Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2023). 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