{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T23:56:11Z","timestamp":1781567771444,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]],"date-time":"2024-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004829","name":"Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020YFS0576"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFS0576"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004829","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004829","name":"Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFS0091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFS0091"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004829","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Echinococcosis, especially alveolar echinococcosis (AE), is becoming an emerging\/re-emerging disease with a growing number of cases reported globally. The diagnosis of echinococcosis is based mainly on imaging, which may be challenging when the image presentation is atypical. We reported one patient with suspected cystic echinococcosis (CE) by imaging. The cell-free DNA (cfDNA) obtained from sequencing the patient\u2019s plasma before the operation showed that this patient probably had AE with 45 reads mapped to the Echinococcus multilocularis reference genome (Read-Pairs Per Million = 0.24). The patients underwent surgery, and the pathological result showed that the patient had AE. The conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of her lesion sample extraction also indicated that the infection was caused by Echinococcus multilocularis. The follow-up ultrasound after three months indicated no recurrence. We demonstrated that the differentiation of CE and AE by imaging may not be that easy, with further elaboration on the differentiation between AE and CE in different aspects. We demonstrated that it is possible to use patients\u2019 plasma cfDNA mapped to Echinococcus references before the operation to obtain the objective clue of the lesion to facilitate diagnosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed9040088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]],"date-time":"2024-04-19T10:53:17Z","timestamp":1713523997000},"page":"88","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Plasma Circulating Cell-Free DNA Facilitated the Detection of an Alveolar Echinococcosis Patient Initially Misdiagnosed as Cystic Echinococcosis: A Case Report"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6806-1593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanping","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"BGI Research, Shenzhen 518083, China"},{"name":"Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, The People\u2019s Hospital of Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Kangding 626000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiyang","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, The People\u2019s Hospital of Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Kangding 626000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BGI Research, Shenzhen 518083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gengfu","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, The People\u2019s Hospital of Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Kangding 626000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BGI Research, Shenzhen 518083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2019.05.006","article-title":"Echinococcus granulosus\u00a0sensu lato","volume":"35","author":"Casulli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2019.05.005","article-title":"Echinococcus\u00a0multilocularis","volume":"35","author":"Casulli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-1577","article-title":"Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of Alveolar Echinococcosis: An Emerging Infectious Disease in Alberta, Canada","volume":"104","author":"Houston","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1814975","article-title":"European Echinococcus multilocularis Identified in Patients in Canada","volume":"381","author":"Massolo","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2502.180299","article-title":"Echinococcus multilocularis Infection, Southern Ontario, Canada","volume":"25","author":"Kotwa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa245","article-title":"First European Haplotype of Echinococcus multilocularis Identified in the United States: An Emerging Disease?","volume":"72","author":"Polish","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dezs\u00e9nyi, B., Dub\u00f3czki, Z., Strausz, T., Csulak, E., Czoma, V., K\u00e1poszt\u00e1s, Z., Feh\u00e9rv\u00e1ri, M., Somor\u00e1cz, \u00c1., Csilek, A., and Ol\u00e1h, A. (2021). Emerging human alveolar echinococcosis in Hungary (2003\u20132018): A retrospective case series analysis from a multi-centre study. BMC Infect. Dis., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-05859-5"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2012). Accelerating Work to Overcome the Global Impact of Neglected Tropical Diseases: A Roadmap for Implementation: Executive Summary, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2023, October 24). Echinococcosis. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/echinococcosis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3866","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e3866","article-title":"Diagnosis, treatment, and management of echinococcosis","volume":"344","author":"McManus","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00075-18","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00075-18","article-title":"Echinococcosis: Advances in the 21st Century","volume":"32","author":"Wen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000001374","article-title":"Pathology of Echinococcosis: A Morphologic and Immunohistochemical Study on 138 Specimens With Focus on the Differential Diagnosis Between Cystic and Alveolar Echinococcosis","volume":"44","author":"Reinehr","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2009.11.001","article-title":"Expert consensus for the diagnosis and treatment of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis in humans","volume":"114","author":"Brunetti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2006.00060.x","article-title":"Recent advances in the immunology and diagnosis of echinococcosis","volume":"47","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2023.07.032","article-title":"A novel multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction for the molecular diagnosis of metacestode infections in human patients","volume":"29","author":"Oberli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.09.019","article-title":"Molecular characterization of human echinococcosis in Sichuan, Western China","volume":"190","author":"Shang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2402.161126","article-title":"Echinococcus spp. Tapeworms in North America","volume":"24","author":"Cerda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"545","article-title":"Echinococcosis prevalence in humans in Shiqu County of Sichuan in 2017","volume":"34","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Prev. Med. Inf."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-019-0580-2","article-title":"A multiplex PCR for differential detection of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto, Echinococcus multilocularis and Echinococcus canadensis in China","volume":"8","author":"Shang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Poverty"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182019000921","article-title":"A multiplex PCR for the identification of Echinococcus multilocularis, E. granulosus sensu stricto and E. canadensis that infect human","volume":"146","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ji, J., Li, B., Li, J., Danzeng, W., Li, J., Zhao, Y., Qiangba, G., Zhang, Q., Renzhen, N., and Basang, Z. (2020). Comprehensive characterization of plasma cell-free Echinococcus spp. DNA in echinococcosis patients using ultra-high-throughput sequencing. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008148"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.07.006","article-title":"Cell-free DNA as a diagnostic tool for human echinococcosis","volume":"37","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2020.12.035","article-title":"Characterizing dynamic changes of plasma cell-free Echinococcus granulosus DNA before and after cystic echinococcosis treatment initiation","volume":"113","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-007-0855-6","article-title":"Cost-effective method of DNA extraction from taeniid eggs","volume":"102","author":"Dyachenko","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2003.12.013","article-title":"A PCR system for detection of species and genotypes of the Echinococcus granulosus-complex, with reference to the epidemiological situation in eastern Africa","volume":"34","author":"Dinkel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(92)90109-W","article-title":"Genetic variants within the genus Echinococcus identified by mitochondrial DNA sequencing","volume":"54","author":"Bowles","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2019.2594","article-title":"Molecular Characterization of Echinococcus multilocularis and Echinococcus granulosus from Cysts and Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tissue Samples of Human Isolates in Northeastern Turkey","volume":"20","author":"Kurt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(05)61011-1","article-title":"Control of cystic echinococcosis\/hydatidosis: 1863\u20132002","volume":"61","author":"Craig","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(07)70134-2","article-title":"Prevention and control of cystic echinococcosis","volume":"7","author":"Craig","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05199-6","article-title":"Echinococcus spp. and genotypes infecting humans in Tibet Autonomous Region of China: A molecular investigation with near-complete\/complete mitochondrial sequences","volume":"15","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"213","article-title":"Hepatic cystic and alveolar echinococcosis co-infections: A report of 3 cases","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. J. Schistosomiasis Control."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666225","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2021.666225","article-title":"Case Report: Diagnosis of Human Alveolar Echinococcosis via Next-Generation Sequencing Analysis","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2016.01.006","article-title":"Cell-free DNA as a diagnostic tool for human parasitic infections","volume":"32","author":"Weerakoon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/9\/4\/88\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:31:17Z","timestamp":1760106677000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/9\/4\/88"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["tropicalmed9040088"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/tropicalmed9040088","relation":{},"ISSN":["2414-6366"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2414-6366","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]]}}}