{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T14:56:20Z","timestamp":1792594580864,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a common condition that can lead to significant discomfort, affecting approximately 70\u201375% of women at least once in their lives. During pregnancy, the prevalence of VVC is estimated to be around 20%, peaking at about 30% in the third trimester, with a number of specific risk factors predisposing to yeast infection being identified and needing elucidation. This review aims to provide updated knowledge on candidiasis during pregnancy, addressing risk factors and maternal and neonatal outcomes, as well as discussing optimal therapeutic strategies to safeguard mothers and newborns. The bibliographic search involved two biomedical databases, PubMed and Embase, without imposing time limits. Among all Candida spp., Candida albicans remains the most frequent causative species. The hyperestrogenic environment of the vaginal mucosa and reduced immune defenses, physiological effects of pregnancy, create conditions favorable for Candida spp. vaginal colonization and hence VVC. Recent evidence shows an association between VVC and adverse obstetric outcomes, including premature membrane rupture (PROM), chorioamnionitis, preterm birth, and puerperal infections. Prompt and effective management of this condition is therefore crucial to prevent adverse obstetric outcomes, maternal\u2013fetal transmission, and neonatal disease. Additional studies are required to confirm the benefits of systemic treatment for maternal candida infection or colonization in preventing premature birth or neonatal systemic candidiasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed9050114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T11:31:52Z","timestamp":1715772712000},"page":"114","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Candidiasis in Pregnancy: Relevant Aspects of the Pathology for the Mother and the Fetus and Therapeutic Strategies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Messina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Maternal, Neonatal and Infant Medicine, University Hospital \u201cDegli Infermi\u201d, 13875 Ponderano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessia","family":"Mariani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Maternal, Neonatal and Infant Medicine, University Hospital \u201cDegli Infermi\u201d, 13875 Ponderano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romina","family":"Brandolisio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Department of Maternal, Neonatal and Infant Medicine, University Hospital \u201cDegli Infermi\u201d, 13875 Ponderano, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Maternal, Neonatal and Infant Medicine, University of Torino School of Medicine, 10125 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3396-0609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Tavella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Department of Maternal, Neonatal and Infant Medicine, University Hospital \u201cDegli Infermi\u201d, 13875 Ponderano, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Maternal, Neonatal and Infant Medicine, University of Torino School of Medicine, 10125 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6951-3803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Germano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Maternal, Neonatal and Infant Medicine, University Hospital \u201cDegli Infermi\u201d, 13875 Ponderano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Lipari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Maternal, Neonatal and Infant Medicine, University Hospital \u201cDegli Infermi\u201d, 13875 Ponderano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3452-0608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Livio","family":"Leo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hopital Beauregard, AUSL Valle\u00e8 d\u2019Aoste, 11100 Aosta, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5243-0940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bianca","family":"Masturzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Maternal, Neonatal and Infant Medicine, University Hospital \u201cDegli Infermi\u201d, 13875 Ponderano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1340-3493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Manzoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Department of Maternal, Neonatal and Infant Medicine, University Hospital \u201cDegli Infermi\u201d, 13875 Ponderano, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Maternal, Neonatal and Infant Medicine, University of Torino School of Medicine, 10125 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60917-9","article-title":"Vulvovaginal candidosis","volume":"369","author":"Sobel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e339","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30103-8","article-title":"Global burden of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis: A systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Denning","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/jmbe.v20i2.1723","article-title":"Isolation and Characterization of Bacterial Cellulase Producers for Biomass Deconstruction: A Microbiology Laboratory Course","volume":"20","author":"Barajas","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biol. Educ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13248","article-title":"Guideline: Vulvovaginal candidosis (AWMF 015\/072, level S2k)","volume":"64","author":"Farr","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"199","article-title":"Innate host defense of human vaginal and cervical mucosae","volume":"306","author":"Cole","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Top Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yano, J., Sobel, J.D., Nyirjesy, P., Sobel, R., Williams, V.L., Yu, Q., Noverr, M.C., and Fidel, P.L. (2019). Current patient perspectives of vulvovaginal candidiasis: Incidence, symptoms, management and post-treatment outcomes. BMC Womens Health, 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-019-0748-8"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13385","article-title":"Effects of oestrogen on vulvovaginal candidosis","volume":"65","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ353","article-title":"Biofilms: An Underappreciated Mechanism of Treatment Failure and Recurrence in Vaginal Infections: Table 1","volume":"61","author":"Muzny","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.3109\/01443615.2014.986442","article-title":"Does removal of CU-IUD in patients with biofilm forming candida really maintain regression of clinical symptoms?","volume":"35","author":"Cakiroglu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, X., Zhang, S., Xu, X., Shen, L., Xu, B., Qu, W., Zhuang, W., Locock, K., Deighton, M., and Qu, Y. (2019). RAFT-Derived Polymethacrylates as a Superior Treatment for Recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis by Targeting Biotic Biofilms and Persister Cells. Front. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02592"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, X., Zhang, S., Li, H., Shen, L., Dong, C., Sun, Y., Chen, H., Xu, B., Zhuang, W., and Deighton, M. (2020). Biofilm Formation of Candida albicans Facilitates Fungal Infiltration and Persister Cell Formation in Vaginal Candidiasis. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01117"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2012.00286","article-title":"DAMP signaling in fungal infections and diseases","volume":"3","author":"Cunha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343771","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00673","article-title":"The Complexity of Fungal \u03b2-Glucan in Health and Disease: Effects on the Mononuclear Phagocyte System","volume":"9","author":"Camilli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2685","DOI":"10.1099\/13500872-141-10-2685","article-title":"Oestrogen-binding protein in Candida albicans: Antibody development and cellular localization by electron immunocytochemistry","volume":"141","author":"Zhao","year":"1995","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.3109\/01443615.2013.767323","article-title":"Candida vaginitis in non-pregnant patients: A study of antifungal susceptibility testing and virulence factors","volume":"33","author":"Kalkanci","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Willems, H.M.E., Ahmed, S.S., Liu, J., Xu, Z., and Peters, B.M. (2020). Vulvovaginal Candidiasis: A Current Understanding and Burning Questions. J. Fungi, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof6010027"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ho, J., Wickramasinghe, D.N., Nikou, S.-A., Hube, B., Richardson, J.P., and Naglik, J.R. (2020). Candidalysin Is a Potent Trigger of Alarmin and Antimicrobial Peptide Release in Epithelial Cells. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9030699"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.06.002","article-title":"Candidalysin: Discovery and function in Candida albicans infections","volume":"52","author":"Naglik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilson, D., Naglik, J.R., and Hube, B. (2016). The Missing Link between Candida albicans Hyphal Morphogenesis and Host Cell Damage. PLoS Pathog., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005867"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mori, T., Kataoka, H., Tanabe, G., and Into, T. (2022). Solubility affects IL-1\u03b2-producing activity of the synthetic candidalysin peptide. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0273663"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ardizzoni, A., Wheeler, R.T., and Pericolini, E. (2021). It Takes Two to Tango: How a Dysregulation of the Innate Immunity, Coupled with Candida Virulence, Triggers VVC Onset. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.692491"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00684-17","article-title":"Novel Mechanism behind the Immunopathogenesis of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis: \u201cNeutrophil Anergy\u201d","volume":"86","author":"Yano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ardizzoni, A., Sala, A., Colombari, B., Giva, L.B., Cermelli, C., Peppoloni, S., Vecchiarelli, A., Roselletti, E., Blasi, E., and Wheeler, R.T. (2020). Perinuclear Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies (pANCA) Impair Neutrophil Candidacidal Activity and Are Increased in the Cellular Fraction of Vaginal Samples from Women with Vulvovaginal Candidiasis. J. Fungi, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof6040225"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00645-17","article-title":"Candidalysin Drives Epithelial Signaling, Neutrophil Recruitment, and Immunopathology at the Vaginal Mucosa","volume":"86","author":"Richardson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.08.033","article-title":"Modulation of vaginal immune response among pregnant women with bacterial vaginosis by Trichomonas vaginalis, Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and yeast","volume":"196","author":"Cauci","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.16816","article-title":"Vaginal bacterial load in the second trimester is associated with early preterm birth recurrence: A nested case\u2013control study","volume":"128","author":"Goodfellow","year":"2021","journal-title":"BJOG An. Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12920","article-title":"Vaginal yeast colonisation: From a potential harmless condition to clinical implications and management approaches\u2014A literature review","volume":"62","author":"Chatzivasileiou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blomberg, L., Backman, K., Kirjavainen, P.V., Karvonen, A.M., Harju, M., and Keski-Nisula, L. (2023). Vulvovaginal yeast infections, gestational diabetes and pregnancy outcome. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-023-05391-1"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-018-0652-x","article-title":"Alternative and complementary therapies for vulvovaginal candidiasis","volume":"64","author":"Felix","year":"2019","journal-title":"Folia. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S31","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1758858","article-title":"Maternal Origins of Neonatal Infections: What Do Obstetrician\u2013Gynecologist Should\/Could Do?","volume":"39","author":"Germano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.17.3.638-680.2004","article-title":"Clinical microbiology of bacterial and fungal sepsis in very-low-birth-weight infants","volume":"17","author":"Kaufman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3305","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-014-3538-5","article-title":"Biofilm growth has a threshold response to glucose in vitro","volume":"472","author":"Waldrop","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marschalek, J., Farr, A., Kiss, H., Hagmann, M., G\u00f6bl, C.S., Trofaier, M.-L., Kueronya, V., and Petricevic, L. (2016). Risk of Vaginal Infections at Early Gestation in Patients with Diabetic Conditions during Pregnancy: A Retrospective Cohort Study. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0155182"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11891","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000011891","article-title":"Association of gestational diabetes mellitus and abnormal vaginal flora with adverse pregnancy outcomes","volume":"97","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3272","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.16007","article-title":"Early hyperglycaemia was linked to a risk of late-onset sepsis in very low birth weight preterm infants in a neonatal intensive care unit","volume":"110","author":"Manzoni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60074-4","article-title":"Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth","volume":"371","author":"Goldenberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"299","article-title":"Clinical profile and risk factors for oral candidosis in sick newborns","volume":"33","author":"Gupta","year":"1996","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024, May 12). Newborns: Reducing Mortality 2019. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/newborn-mortality."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.3109\/01443615.2013.842963","article-title":"Infection and antibiotics in the aetiology, prediction and prevention of preterm birth","volume":"33","author":"Oliver","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.1331","article-title":"Gestational Age at Birth and Mortality in Young Adulthood","volume":"306","author":"Crump","year":"2011","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.01.237","article-title":"Vaginal Ureaplasma parvum serovars and spontaneous preterm birth","volume":"220","author":"Waldhoer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2006.01120.x","article-title":"The preterm parturition syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Romero","year":"2006","journal-title":"BJOG An. Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2012.666114","article-title":"Prevention of preterm labour via the modulation of inflammatory pathways","volume":"25","author":"MacIntyre","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Matern. Neonatal. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.47162\/RJME.61.3.05","article-title":"Congenital systemic candidiasis: A comprehensive literature review and meta-analysis of 44 cases","volume":"61","author":"Georgescu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rom. J. Morphol. Embryol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e865","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-3412","article-title":"Neonatal Candidiasis: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Clinical Judgment","volume":"126","author":"Benjamin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-010-1427-z","article-title":"Microbiological characteristics and inflammatory cytokines associated with preterm labor","volume":"283","author":"Discacciati","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gigi, R.M.S., Buitrago-Garcia, D., Taghavi, K., Dunaiski, C.-M., van de Wijgert, J.H.H.M., Peters, R.P.H., and Low, N. (2023). Vulvovaginal yeast infections during pregnancy and perinatal outcomes: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Womens Health, 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-023-02258-7"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roberts, C.L., Morris, J.M., Rickard, K.R., Giles, W.B., Simpson, J.M., Kotsiou, G., and Bowen, J.R. (2011). Protocol for a randomised controlled trial of treatment of asymptomatic candidiasis for the prevention of preterm birth [ACTRN12610000607077]. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-11-18"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.12891\/ceog3295.2017","article-title":"Pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine profiles in fetal growth restriction","volume":"44","author":"Raghupathy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100163","article-title":"Asymptomatic vaginal Candida colonization and adverse pregnancy outcomes including preterm birth: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Schuster","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. MFM"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.01.004","article-title":"Strategies for the Prevention of Neonatal Candidiasis","volume":"53","author":"Leibovitz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neonatol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/22.5.803","article-title":"Vertical and Horizontal Transmission of Unique Candida Species to Premature Newborns","volume":"22","author":"Hollis","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200004000-00011","article-title":"Risk factors for candidemia in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit patients","volume":"19","author":"Saiman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-1311","article-title":"Risk Factors for Progression to Invasive Fungal Infection in Preterm Neonates With Fungal Colonization","volume":"118","author":"Manzoni","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/S0146-0005(03)00059-4","article-title":"Colonization and epithelial adhesion in the pathogenesis of neonatal candidiasis","volume":"27","author":"Bendel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.3109\/13693780902824962","article-title":"Congenital candidiasis: Confirmation of mother-neonate transmission using molecular analysis techniques","volume":"48","author":"Tiraboschi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix119","article-title":"Congenital Cutaneous Candidiasis: Prompt Systemic Treatment Is Associated with Improved Outcomes in Neonates","volume":"64","author":"Kaufman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.105.2.438","article-title":"Congenital Cutaneous Candidiasis: Clinical Presentation, Pathogenesis, and Management Guidelines","volume":"105","author":"Darmstadt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"David, W., Kimberlin, F.A.A.P., Elizabeth, D., Barnett, F.A.A.P., Lynfield, R., Mark, H., and Sawyer, F. (2021). Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases, American Academy of Pediatrics. [32nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.1989.tb02217.x","article-title":"Infection of human fetal membranes in vitro with Candida albicans","volume":"32","author":"Hayashi","year":"1989","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s12281-019-00359-1","article-title":"Congenital Cutaneous Candidiasis: Uncommon Entity or Underdiagnosed?","volume":"13","author":"Bonifaz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Fungal. Infect. Rep."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.95.5.682","article-title":"Invasive fungal dermatitis in the < or = 1000-gram neonate","volume":"95","author":"Rowen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1962.01590020073009","article-title":"The Biology of Experimental Human Cutaneous Moniliasis (Candida Albicans)","volume":"85","author":"Maibach","year":"1962","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.82.2.211","article-title":"Systemic candidiasis: Cutaneous manifestations in low birth weight infants","volume":"82","author":"Baley","year":"1988","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199907000-00016","article-title":"No teratogenic effect after clotrimazole therapy during pregnancy","volume":"10","author":"Czeizel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38169.519653.EB","article-title":"Prospective randomised controlled trial of an infection screening programme to reduce the rate of preterm delivery","volume":"329","author":"Kiss","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"S1","article-title":"Antimykotische Therapie der Vaginalen Hefepilz-Kolonisation von Schwangeren zur Verh\u00fctung von Kandidamykosen beim Neugeborenen","volume":"15","author":"Mendling","year":"2008","journal-title":"AMWF"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.17844","article-title":"Association Between Use of Oral Fluconazole During Pregnancy and Risk of Spontaneous Abortion and Stillbirth","volume":"315","author":"Melbye","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.11.022","article-title":"Fluconazole use and birth defects in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study","volume":"214","author":"Howley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1301066","article-title":"Use of Oral Fluconazole during Pregnancy and the Risk of Birth Defects","volume":"369","author":"Pasternak","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e03409-23","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.03409-23","article-title":"Nanobody-mediated neutralization of candidalysin prevents epithelial damage and inflammatory responses that drive vulvovaginal candidiasis pathogenesis","volume":"15","author":"Valentine","year":"2024","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38210.494977.DE","article-title":"Effect of lactobacillus in preventing post-antibiotic vulvovaginal candidiasis: A randomised controlled trial","volume":"329","author":"Pirotta","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.000302","article-title":"Selection of Lactobacillus strains as potential probiotics for vaginitis treatment","volume":"162","author":"Santos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.2010.01967.x","article-title":"Potential role of probiotic bacteria in the treatment and prevention of localised candidosis","volume":"55","author":"Wagener","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2009.00154.x","article-title":"Effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14 on the ability of Candida albicans to infect cells and induce inflammation","volume":"53","author":"Martinez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2009.02262.x","article-title":"Monthly itraconazole versus classic homeopathy for the treatment of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis: A randomised trial","volume":"116","author":"Witt","year":"2009","journal-title":"BJOG Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3168","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.15158","article-title":"Lactobacilli reduce recurrences of vaginal candidiasis in pregnant women: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"132","author":"Ang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2015.160","article-title":"Oestrogen promotes healing in a bacterial LPS model of delayed cutaneous wound repair","volume":"96","author":"Crompton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2019.05.001","article-title":"Probiotics as antifungal agents: Experimental confirmation and future prospects","volume":"162","author":"Kosgey","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12883","article-title":"Randomised clinical trial in women with Recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis: Efficacy of probiotics and lactoferrin as maintenance treatment","volume":"62","author":"Russo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aagaard, K., Riehle, K., Ma, J., Segata, N., Mistretta, T.-A., Coarfa, C., Raza, S., Rosenbaum, S., Veyver, I.V.D., and Milosavljevic, A. (2012). A Metagenomic Approach to Characterization of the Vaginal Microbiome Signature in Pregnancy. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036466"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002090","article-title":"Clinical Validation of a Test for the Diagnosis of Vaginitis","volume":"130","author":"Gaydos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/9\/5\/114\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:43:00Z","timestamp":1760107380000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/9\/5\/114"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["tropicalmed9050114"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/tropicalmed9050114","relation":{},"ISSN":["2414-6366"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2414-6366","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]]}}}