{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T02:56:24Z","timestamp":1794020184775,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]],"date-time":"2024-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia for Higher Institution Centre of Excellence","award":["HICoE:311\/CIPPM\/4401005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HICoE:311\/CIPPM\/4401005"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia for Higher Institution Centre of Excellence","award":["FRGS\/1\/2020\/STG01\/USM\/02\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/1\/2020\/STG01\/USM\/02\/1"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia for Fundamental Research","award":["HICoE:311\/CIPPM\/4401005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HICoE:311\/CIPPM\/4401005"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia for Fundamental Research","award":["FRGS\/1\/2020\/STG01\/USM\/02\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/1\/2020\/STG01\/USM\/02\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Heat shock protein 16-kDa (HSP 16-kDa) is essential for the survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) during the latent period; hence, a peptide\u2013MHC presentation of HSP 16-kDa could be a potential diagnostic and therapeutic target for latent tuberculosis (LTB). This study aimed to generate a TCR-like single-domain antibody (sDAb)-human IgG1 antibody and subsequently investigate its diagnostic and therapeutic potential in LTB, utilizing a model cell presenting the target peptide. A previously generated TCR-like sDAB that can bind to HSP 16-kDa was first fused to a human IgG1 Fc-receptor via a linker. The fusion product, sDAb-IgG1, was expressed with HEK293-F and was subsequently purified. Its diagnostic potential was investigated via cell-based ELISA utilizing MCF-7 cells peptide-pulsed with HSP 16-kDa peptides. Investigation into the antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) of MCF-7 cells was also conducted to investigate its therapeutic potential. Finally, TCR-like sDAb-IgG1 was successfully produced transiently with HEK-293F and was purified using protein A chromatography. The generated antibody was tested using cell-based ELISA, which demonstrated the effective binding of the TCR-like sDAb-IgG1 to the 16-kDa peptide\u2013MHC on the cell surface. The ADCC assay also showed that the antibody effectively mediated the ADCC of MCF-7 cells with the help of 16-kDa peptide\u2013MHC. This allows us to hypothesize the possible utility of the said antibody for both diagnostics and therapeutics of latent tuberculosis after more investigations with clinical samples.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed9070139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]],"date-time":"2024-06-26T05:03:07Z","timestamp":1719378187000},"page":"139","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Investigating the Diagnostic and Therapeutic Potential of a T Cell Receptor (TCR)-like single Domain Antibody (sDAb)-Human IgG1 Antibody against Heat Shock Protein (HSP) 16KDa\/HLA-A2 for Latent Tuberculosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Huaqiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, University Sains Malaysia, Minden 11800, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvia Annabel","family":"Dass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, University Sains Malaysia, Minden 11800, Malaysia"},{"name":"Biogenes Technologies, Jalan Maklumat, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8319-0927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew Tze Jian","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, University Sains Malaysia, Minden 11800, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4874-600X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Venugopal","family":"Balakrishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, University Sains Malaysia, Minden 11800, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7053-4580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fazlina","family":"Nordin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (CTERM), Faculty of Medicine, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6707-9505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gee Jun","family":"Tye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, University Sains Malaysia, Minden 11800, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-019-01132-9","article-title":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis Heat-Shock Protein 16.3 Induces Macrophage M2 Polarization Through CCRL2\/CX3CR1","volume":"43","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(22)00359-7","article-title":"WHO\u2019s Global Tuberculosis Report 2022","volume":"4","author":"Bagcchi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eimc.2017.10.015","article-title":"Pathogenesis of tuberculosis and other mycobacteriosis","volume":"36","author":"Cardona","year":"2018","journal-title":"Enferm. 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