{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T20:21:08Z","timestamp":1787170868535,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]],"date-time":"2024-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The objective of this study was to evaluate the bait preference of three selected bait types by local dogs and the induced immunogenicity of the oral rabies vaccine strain SPBN GASGAS in Morocco. The vaccine strain, combined with different bait types, has been tested in many different settings, but not yet in northern Africa. Overall, bait consumption and preference were similar in other studies using the same materials (bait type and sachet). The intestine bait had the highest acceptance rate (97.6%, 95%CI: 87.4\u201399.9), followed by the egg bait (83.0%, 95%CI: 69.2\u201392.4). Only 52% (95%CI: 37.4\u201366.3) of the dogs showed an interest in the fish meal bait. However, considering the successful release of the contents of the sachet (blue-dyed water) into the oral cavity, the egg bait (65.7%, 95%CI: 47.8\u201380.9) scored better than the intestine bait (51.7%, 95%CI: 32.5\u201370.6). The dogs selected for the immunogenicity study were offered the egg bait containing a sachet filled with SPBN GASGAS (3.0 mL, 107.5 FFU\/mL) or were given the same dose by direct oral administration (d.o.a.). In addition, several dogs were vaccinated by the parenteral route (s.c.) using a commercially available inactivated rabies vaccine. Unfortunately, due to the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent travel restrictions, it was not possible to collect blood samples directly after vaccination. The blood samples were collected pre-vaccination and on five occasions between 450 and 1088 days post vaccination. The seroconversion rate, as determined for rabies-virus-neutralizing antibodies by the FAVN test, was significantly lower than that found for binding antibodies, as determined by ELISA, for all blood samples collected post vaccination. No treatment effect (bait, d.o.a., s.c.) could be seen in the seroconversion rate. At 15 months post vaccination, 84.2% of the dogs offered vaccine bait still tested sero-positive in ELISA. Only after 3 years was a clear drop in the seroconversion rate observed in all three treatment groups. This study confirms the long-term immunogenicity of the oral rabies vaccine SPBN GASGAS in dogs under field conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed9070142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]],"date-time":"2024-06-26T07:20:06Z","timestamp":1719386406000},"page":"142","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Evaluation of Bait Acceptance and Immune Response in Local Dogs during an Oral Rabies Vaccination Field Study in Morocco"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Nadia","family":"Aboulfidaa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacy and Veterinary Inputs, National Food Safety Office, Rabat BP 4509, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florence","family":"Cliquet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ANSES\u2014Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Technop\u00f4le Agricole et V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire de Pix\u00e9r\u00e9court, 54220 Malz\u00e9ville, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0214-4716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuelle","family":"Robardet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ANSES\u2014Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Technop\u00f4le Agricole et V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire de Pix\u00e9r\u00e9court, 54220 Malz\u00e9ville, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sami","family":"Darkaoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacy and Veterinary Inputs, National Food Safety Office, Rabat BP 4509, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5054-3634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marine","family":"Wasniewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ANSES\u2014Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Technop\u00f4le Agricole et V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire de Pix\u00e9r\u00e9court, 54220 Malz\u00e9ville, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Kaiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TEW Servicegesellschaft GmbH, Am Pharmapark (formerly at Ceva Innovation Center), 06861 Dessau-Rosslau, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Bobe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ceva Innovation Center GmbH, Am Pharmapark, 06861 Dessau-Rosslau, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ad","family":"Vos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ceva Innovation Center GmbH, Am Pharmapark, 06861 Dessau-Rosslau, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ouafaa Fassi","family":"Fihri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Rabat BP 6202, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Darkaoui, S., Cliquet, F., Wasniewski, M., Robardet, E., Aboulfidaa, N., Bouslikhane, M., and Fassi-Fihri, O. 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