{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T02:01:50Z","timestamp":1792807310468,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721260800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals (ACEIDHA)","award":["P151847"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P151847"]}]},{"name":"Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals (ACEIDHA)","award":["JP23wm0125008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23wm0125008"]}]},{"name":"Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals (ACEIDHA)","award":["JP23fa627005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23fa627005"]}]},{"name":"Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals (ACEIDHA)","award":["JP22jm0110019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP22jm0110019"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT)","award":["P151847"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P151847"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/048rj2z13","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT)","award":["JP23wm0125008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23wm0125008"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/048rj2z13","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT)","award":["JP23fa627005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23fa627005"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/048rj2z13","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT)","award":["JP22jm0110019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP22jm0110019"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/048rj2z13","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED)","award":["P151847"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P151847"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/004rtk039","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED)","award":["JP23wm0125008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23wm0125008"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/004rtk039","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED)","award":["JP23fa627005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23fa627005"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/004rtk039","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED)","award":["JP22jm0110019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP22jm0110019"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/004rtk039","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) within the framework of the Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development (SATREPS)","award":["P151847"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P151847"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/022es3t03","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) within the framework of the Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development (SATREPS)","award":["JP23wm0125008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23wm0125008"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/022es3t03","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) within the framework of the Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development (SATREPS)","award":["JP23fa627005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23fa627005"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/022es3t03","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) within the framework of the Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development (SATREPS)","award":["JP22jm0110019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP22jm0110019"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/022es3t03","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rabies persists as a longstanding issue in Zambia, despite being preventable. The current control measures, including dog vaccination, population control, and movement restriction, guided by \u2018The Control of Dogs Act Chapter 247 of the Laws of Zambia\u2019, have not yielded the desired impact in many areas of the country including Manyinga and Mwansabombwe districts. These two districts continue to report low dog vaccination rates, unrestricted dog movements, and escalating cases of animal and human rabies, along with dog bites. Aligned with global aspirations to achieve zero human rabies cases by 2030, this study scrutinizes the determinants and obstacles hampering the execution of rabies control initiatives in Manyinga and Mwansabombwe. Spanning approximately 11 months, this cross-sectional study gathered pre- and post-vaccination data from 301 households in Manyinga and 100 households in Mwansabombwe. Questionnaires probed knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to rabies prevention and control. A transect survey, key informant interviews, and assessment of rabies vaccination and dog bite records complemented the data collection. Findings revealed that 88.0% of respondents from both districts possessed knowledge about rabies, confirming affected species and transmission. Moreover, 76.8% in Manyinga and 88.6% in Mwansabombwe were acquainted with rabies prevention and control methods. Concerning dog owners, 89.0% were aware of rabies, 66.0% understood its prevention and control, and the majority identified bites as the primary mode of transmission. Despite the high level of knowledge recorded during the survey, the implementation of preventive measures was low, which was attributed to low levels of law enforcement by the local government authority, inadequate staffing in the veterinary department, unwillingness to pay for dog vaccinations, and unavailability of rabies vaccine at the veterinary office in both districts. Vaccination coverage stood at 64.0% in Manyinga and 21.0% in Mwansabombwe. Notably, education and occupation exhibited a positive significant association with rabies knowledge. In terms of dog bite cases, Manyinga recorded 538 dog bite cases from 2017 to June 2022, while Mwansabombwe recorded 81 dog bite and 23 jackal bite cases from 2021 to June 2022. The study underscores critical knowledge gaps in rural areas and emphasizes the imperative for enhanced public education and awareness programs, improved rabies surveillance, free mass vaccination campaigns, and community engagement to augment vaccination coverage and knowledge about rabies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed9070161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T10:39:26Z","timestamp":1721299166000},"page":"161","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Rabies Realities: Navigating Barriers to Rabies Control in Rural Zambia\u2014A Case Study of Manyinga and Mwansabombwe Districts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Muma Chipo","family":"Misapa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia"},{"name":"African Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia"},{"name":"Veterinary Department, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Lusaka P.O. Box 50773, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugene C.","family":"Bwalya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ladslav","family":"Moonga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paraclinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josiah","family":"Zimba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Department, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Lusaka P.O. Box 50773, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel S.","family":"Kabwali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paraclinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mwenya","family":"Silombe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Information and Communication University, Lusaka P.O. Box 30226, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edgar Chilanzi","family":"Mulwanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Mwansabombwe Municipal Council, Ministry of Local Government, Mwansabombwe P.O. Box 80424, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Mulenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cactus Foundation, Lusaka P.O. Box 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin C.","family":"Simuunza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"African Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia"},{"name":"Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hirofumi","family":"Sawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia"},{"name":"One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan"},{"name":"International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan"},{"name":"Institute for Vaccine Research and Development, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Hang\u2019ombe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"African Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia"},{"name":"Department of Paraclinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8874-3965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walter","family":"Muleya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"82","article-title":"Laporan Kasus: Seorang Penderita dengan Kecurigaan Rabies","volume":"1","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ilm. Kedokt. Kesehat."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lansea.2023.100258","article-title":"Rabies control in high-burden countries: Role of universal pre-exposure immunization","volume":"19","author":"Lodha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. 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