{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T23:57:05Z","timestamp":1790985425483,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]],"date-time":"2024-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725580800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"San Mart\u00edn University in Sabaneta","award":["PYI-2022-006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PYI-2022-006"]}]},{"name":"Direction of Science, Technology, and Innovation of CES University, and Universidad de La Sabana","award":["MED-20-2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MED-20-2024"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Leptospirosis is a disease caused by the bacteria of the Leptospira genus, which can usually be acquired by humans through contact with urine from infected animals; it is also possible for this urine to contaminate soils and bodies of water. The disease can have deadly consequences in some extreme cases. Fortunately, until now, patients with leptospirosis have responded adequately to treatment with doxycycline and azithromycin, and no cases of antibiotic resistance have been reported. However, with the extensive use of such medications, more bacteria, such as Staphylococci and Enterococci, are becoming resistant. The purpose of this study is to determine the presence of genes related to antibiotic resistance in the Leptospira genus using bioinformatic tools, which have not been undertaken in the past. Whole genomes from the 69 described Leptospira species were downloaded from NCBI\u2019s GeneBank and analyzed using CARD (The Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistant Database) and RAST (Rapid Annotations using Subsystem Technology). After a detailed genomic search, 12 genes associated with four mechanisms were found: resistance to beta-lactamases, vancomycin, aminoglycoside adenylyltransferases, as well as multiple drug efflux pumps. Some of these genes are highly polymorphic among different species, and some of them are present in multiple copies in the same species. In conclusion, this study provides evidence of the presence of genes related to antibiotic resistance in the genomes of some species of the genus Leptospira, and it is the starting point for future experimental evaluation to determine whether these genes are transcriptionally active in some species and serovars.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed9090203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]],"date-time":"2024-09-06T03:22:46Z","timestamp":1725592966000},"page":"203","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Detection of Genes Related to Antibiotic Resistance in Leptospira"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8721-7061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Santiago","family":"Pineda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CES Biology, Science and Biotechnology School, CES University, Medellin 050021, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana","family":"Mart\u00ednez Garro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CES Biology, Science and Biotechnology School, CES University, Medellin 050021, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7666-9099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Salazar Fl\u00f3rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine Program, GEINCRO Research Group, School of Health Sciences, San Mart\u00edn University Foundation, Sabaneta 055450, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9154-4529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"Agudelo-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Medicine School, Universidad de La Sabana, Ch\u00eda 025001, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3466-7466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Monroy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2815-9844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronald","family":"Pel\u00e1ez S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life and Health Sciences Research Group, Graduate School, CES University, Medellin 050021, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2001.02374.x","article-title":"First evidence for gene replacement in Leptospira spp. Inactivation of L. biflexa flaB results in non-motile mutants deficient in endoflagella","volume":"40","author":"Picardeau","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. 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