{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T04:11:25Z","timestamp":1768709485609,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":9,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,4]],"date-time":"2018-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1515024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16K11160"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16K11160"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17H04341"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17H04341"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rubella virus (RuV), which belongs to the family Togaviridae and genus Rubivirus, causes systemic infection in children and young adults and congenital rubella syndrome in developing fetuses if the infection occurs during pregnancy. The mechanisms of fetal infection by RuV are not completely understood. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) is reported to be a cellular receptor for RuV; however, it is mainly expressed in the central nervous system. Therefore, it is thought that other receptors are also responsible for virus entry into susceptible cells. In this study, we found that first-trimester trophoblast cells were resistant to RuV. In addition, we showed that HaCaT cells (an immortalized keratinocyte cell line) that did not express MOG on their surface were infected with RuV. This finding is one of the first demonstrations of MOG-independent RuV infection of susceptible host cells and suggests that it is important to continue searching for alternative RuV receptors. In addition, this study reports the resistance of first-trimester trophoblast cells to RuV and suggests that utilizing an epithelial\u2013mesenchymal transition approach to study the mechanisms of transplacental vertical RuV infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v10010023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,4]],"date-time":"2018-01-04T11:52:47Z","timestamp":1515066767000},"page":"23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein-Independent Rubella Infection of Keratinocytes and Resistance of First-Trimester Trophoblast Cells to Rubella Virus In Vitro"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5610-1570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quang","family":"Trinh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ngan","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kazuhide","family":"Takada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shihoko","family":"Komine-Aizawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1022-1443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satoshi","family":"Hayakawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11038","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.05398-11","article-title":"Identification of the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein as a cellular receptor for rubella virus","volume":"85","author":"Cong","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haralambieva, I.H., Lambert, N.D., Ovsyannikova, I.G., Kennedy, R.B., Larrabee, B.R., Pankratz, V.S., and Poland, G.A. (2014). Associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms in cellular viral receptors and attachment factor-related genes and humoral immunity to rubella vaccination. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0099997"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perelygina, L., Zheng, Q., Metcalfe, M., and Icenogle, J. (2013). Persistent infection of human fetal endothelial cells with rubella virus. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0073014"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197109162851206","article-title":"Pathogenesis of the rubella exanthem. Isolation of rubella virus from the skin","volume":"285","author":"Heggie","year":"1971","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(75)92360-0","article-title":"Letter: Chronic rashes in congenital rubella: Isolation of virus from skin","volume":"1","author":"Marshall","year":"1975","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.06.030","article-title":"Rubella persistence in epidermal keratinocytes and granuloma M2 macrophages in patients with primary immunodeficiencies","volume":"138","author":"Perelygina","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Otsuki, N., Sakata, M., Saito, K., Okamoto, K., Mori, Y., Hanada, K., and Takeda, M. (2017). Both sphingomyelin and cholesterol in the host cell membrane are essential for Rubella virus entry. J. Virol., in press.","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01130-17"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2009.08.007","article-title":"The isolation and characterization of a novel telomerase immortalized first trimester trophoblast cell line, Swan71","volume":"30","author":"Abrahams","year":"2009","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1006\/excr.1993.1139","article-title":"Establishment and characterization of first trimester human trophoblast cells with extended lifespan","volume":"206","author":"Graham","year":"1993","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/10\/1\/23\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T14:50:06Z","timestamp":1760194206000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/10\/1\/23"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,4]]},"references-count":9,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]}},"alternative-id":["v10010023"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v10010023","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,4]]}}}