{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T10:50:36Z","timestamp":1778755836138,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,13]],"date-time":"2018-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1515801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Agencia Nacional de Promoci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica and GlaxoSmithKline","award":["PICTO2013\/0006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PICTO2013\/0006"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005363","name":"Universidad de Buenos Aires","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UBACyT 2013-2016, Grant # 20020120200263BA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UBACyT 2013-2016, Grant # 20020120200263BA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005363","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Southwest National Primate Research Center","award":["P51 OD011133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P51 OD011133"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Progression of HIV infection is variable among individuals, and definition disease progression biomarkers is still needed. Here, we aimed to categorize the predictive potential of several variables using feature selection methods and decision trees. A total of seventy-five treatment-na\u00efve subjects were enrolled during acute\/early HIV infection. CD4+ T-cell counts (CD4TC) and viral load (VL) levels were determined at enrollment and for one year. Immune activation, HIV-specific immune response, Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) and C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) genotypes, and plasma levels of 39 cytokines were determined. Data were analyzed by machine learning and non-parametric methods. Variable hierarchization was performed by Weka correlation-based feature selection and J48 decision tree. Plasma interleukin (IL)-10, interferon gamma-induced protein (IP)-10, soluble IL-2 receptor alpha (sIL-2R\u03b1) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1) levels correlated directly with baseline VL, whereas IL-2, TNF-\u03b1, fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1\u03b2 correlated directly with CD4+ T-cell activation (p &lt; 0.05). However, none of these cytokines had good predictive values to distinguish \u201cprogressors\u201d from \u201cnon-progressors\u201d. Similarly, immune activation, HIV-specific immune responses and HLA\/CCR5 genotypes had low discrimination power. Baseline CD4TC was the most potent discerning variable with a cut-off of 438 cells\/\u03bcL (accuracy = 0.93, \u03ba-Cohen = 0.85). Limited discerning power of the other factors might be related to frequency, variability and\/or sampling time. Future studies based on decision trees to identify biomarkers of post-treatment control are warrantied.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v10010034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,15]],"date-time":"2018-01-15T12:30:36Z","timestamp":1516019436000},"page":"34","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Biomarkers of Progression after HIV Acute\/Early Infection: Nothing Compares to CD4+ T-cell Count?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4808-670X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela","family":"Turk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires- CONICET, Paraguay 2155 Piso 11, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanina","family":"Ghiglione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires- CONICET, Paraguay 2155 Piso 11, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Macarena","family":"Hormanstorfer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Hu\u00e9sped, Buenos Aires C1202ABB, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5690-9454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Laufer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires- CONICET, Paraguay 2155 Piso 11, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina"},{"name":"Hospital Juan A. Fern\u00e1ndez, Unidad Enfermedades Infecciosas, Buenos Aires C1425AGP, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Romina","family":"Coloccini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires- CONICET, Paraguay 2155 Piso 11, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jimena","family":"Salido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires- CONICET, Paraguay 2155 Piso 11, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9sar","family":"Trifone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires- CONICET, Paraguay 2155 Piso 11, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires- CONICET, Paraguay 2155 Piso 11, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juliana","family":"Falivene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires- CONICET, Paraguay 2155 Piso 11, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3437-4863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Holgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires- CONICET, Paraguay 2155 Piso 11, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Caruso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires- CONICET, Paraguay 2155 Piso 11, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Figueroa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Hu\u00e9sped, Buenos Aires C1202ABB, Argentina"},{"name":"Hospital Juan A. Fern\u00e1ndez, Unidad Enfermedades Infecciosas, Buenos Aires C1425AGP, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Horacio","family":"Salom\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires- CONICET, Paraguay 2155 Piso 11, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5244-7187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Giavedoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Pando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires- CONICET, Paraguay 2155 Piso 11, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Gherardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires- CONICET, Paraguay 2155 Piso 11, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Rabinovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires- CONICET, Paraguay 2155 Piso 11, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2229-0590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Pury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Matem\u00e1tica, Astronom\u00eda, F\u00edsica y Computaci\u00f3n, Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba, C\u00f3rdoba X5000HUA, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Sued","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Hu\u00e9sped, Buenos Aires C1202ABB, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60164-1","article-title":"HIV infection: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention","volume":"384","author":"Maartens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21579","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.20.1.21579","article-title":"Clinical and public health implications of acute and early HIV detection and treatment: A scoping review","volume":"20","author":"Rutstein","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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