{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T09:10:12Z","timestamp":1790154612539,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,24]],"date-time":"2018-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1519430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rotavirus (RV) and norovirus (NoV) are the major etiological agents of viral acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Host genetic factors, the histo-blood group antigens (HBGA), are associated with RV and NoV susceptibility and recent findings additionally point to HBGA as a factor modulating the intestinal microbial composition. In vitro and in vivo experiments in animal models established that the microbiota enhances RV and NoV infection, uncovering a triangular interplay between RV and NoV, host glycobiology, and the intestinal microbiota that ultimately influences viral infectivity. Studies on the microbiota composition in individuals displaying different RV and NoV susceptibilities allowed the identification of potential bacterial biomarkers, although mechanistic data on the virus\u2013host\u2013microbiota relation are still needed. The identification of the bacterial and HBGA interactions that are exploited by RV and NoV would place the intestinal microbiota as a new target for alternative therapies aimed at preventing and treating viral gastroenteritis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v10020096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,27]],"date-time":"2018-02-27T03:36:12Z","timestamp":1519702572000},"page":"96","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["The Interactions between Host Glycobiology, Bacterial Microbiota, and Viruses in the Gut"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Vicente","family":"Monedero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Biotechnology, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA, CSIC), Av Catedr\u00e1tico Agust\u00edn Escardino, 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Buesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Iba\u00f1ez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9698-7684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Iba\u00f1ez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO Fact Sheet 330 (2018, January 10). Diarrhoeal Disease. Available online: http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs330\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators (2016). Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980\u20132015: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet, 388, 1459\u20131544."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"119","article-title":"Natural history of human rotavirus infection","volume":"12","author":"Bishop","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch. Virol. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20112","article-title":"An outbreak of gastroenteritis during school trip caused by serotype G2 group A rotavirus","volume":"73","author":"Mikami","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.3.1374-1376.2005","article-title":"Serotype G9 rotavirus infections in adults in Sweden","volume":"43","author":"Hedlund","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(73)92760-8","article-title":"Letter: Virus particles in gastroenteritis","volume":"2","author":"Flewett","year":"1973","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(73)92867-5","article-title":"Virus particles in epithelial cells of duodenal mucosa from children with acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis","volume":"2","author":"Bishop","year":"1973","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goyal, S.M., and Cannon, J.L. (2016). The Molecular Virology of Enteric Viruses. Viruses in Foods, Springer. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-30723-7"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"(2018, January 15). RCWG. Available online: https:\/\/rega.kuleuven.be\/cev\/viralmetagenomics\/virus-classification\/rcwg."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bucardo, F., Lindgren, P.E., Svensson, L., and Nordgren, J. (2011). Low prevalence of rotavirus and high prevalence of norovirus in hospital and community wastewater after introduction of rotavirus vaccine in Nicaragua. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0025962"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000001305","article-title":"Decrease of Rotavirus Gastroenteritis to a Low Level without Resurgence for Five Years After Universal RotaTeq Vaccination in Finland","volume":"35","author":"Markkula","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Havelaar, A.H., Kirk, M.D., Torgerson, P.R., Gibb, H.J., Hald, T., Lake, R.J., Praet, N., Bellinger, D.C., de Silva, N.R., and Gargouri, N. (2015). World Health Organization Global Estimates and Regional Comparisons of the Burden of Foodborne Disease in 2010. PLoS Med., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001923"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Lopman, B. (2017, December 20). Global Burden of Norovirus and Prospects for Vaccine Development, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/norovirus\/downloads\/global-burden-report.pdf."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf5211","article-title":"Replication of human noroviruses in stem cell-derived human enteroids","volume":"353","author":"Ettayebi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1126\/science.286.5438.287","article-title":"X-ray crystallographic structure of the Norwalk virus capsid","volume":"286","author":"Prasad","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2177224","article-title":"Norwalk virus genome cloning and characterization","volume":"250","author":"Jiang","year":"1990","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7150","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.12.7150-7155.2003","article-title":"Trans activity of the norovirus Camberwell proteinase and cleavage of the N-terminal protein encoded by ORF1","volume":"77","author":"Seah","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6527","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.66.11.6527-6532.1992","article-title":"Expression, self-assembly, and antigenicity of the Norwalk virus capsid protein","volume":"66","author":"Jiang","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11603","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.21.11603-11615.2003","article-title":"The 3\u2032 end of Norwalk virus mRNA contains determinants that regulate the expression and stability of the viral capsid protein VP1: A novel function for the VP2 protein","volume":"77","author":"Crawford","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01535-14","article-title":"Advances in laboratory methods for detection and typing of norovirus","volume":"53","author":"Vinje","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"185","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of noroviruses associated with acute sporadic gastroenteritis in children: Global distribution of genogroups, genotypes and GII.4 variants","volume":"56","author":"Trainor","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2002.33661","article-title":"Norwalk virus binds to histo-blood group antigens present on gastroduodenal epithelial cells of secretor individuals","volume":"122","author":"Marionneau","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1038\/nm860","article-title":"Human susceptibility and resistance to Norwalk virus infection","volume":"9","author":"Lindesmith","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10996","article-title":"Cell attachment protein VP8* of a human rotavirus specifically interacts with A-type histo-blood group antigen","volume":"485","author":"Hu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2014.06.001","article-title":"Host-pathogen co-evolution and glycan interactions","volume":"7","author":"Nystrom","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5","DOI":"10.1017\/erm.2014.2","article-title":"Histo-blood group antigens: A common niche for norovirus and rotavirus","volume":"16","author":"Tan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20423","article-title":"Norwalk virus infection associates with secretor status genotyped from sera","volume":"77","author":"Hutson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1086\/427779","article-title":"Association of histo-blood group antigens and susceptibility to norovirus infections","volume":"191","author":"Rockx","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis514","article-title":"Predicting susceptibility to norovirus GII.4 by use of a challenge model involving humans","volume":"206","author":"Frenck","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1086\/508430","article-title":"Antibody prevalence and titer to norovirus (genogroup II) correlate with secretor (FUT2) but not with ABO phenotype or Lewis (FUT3) genotype","volume":"194","author":"Larsson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carlsson, B., Kindberg, E., Buesa, J., Rydell, G.E., Lidon, M.F., Montava, R., Abu Mallouh, R., Grahn, A., Rodriguez-Diaz, J., and Bellido, J. (2009). The G428A nonsense mutation in FUT2 provides strong but not absolute protection against symptomatic GII.4 Norovirus infection. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005593"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carmona-Vicente, N., Fernandez-Jimenez, M., Vila-Vicent, S., Rodriguez-Diaz, J., and Buesa, J. (2016). Characterisation of a household norovirus outbreak occurred in Valencia (Spain). BMC Infect. Dis., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1455-9"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2549","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02549","article-title":"Norovirus Binding to Ligands Beyond Histo-Blood Group Antigens","volume":"8","author":"Almand","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4833","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.05507-11","article-title":"Spike protein VP8* of human rotavirus recognizes histo-blood group antigens in a type-specific manner","volume":"86","author":"Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9899","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00979-12","article-title":"Rotavirus VP8*: Phylogeny, host range, and interaction with histo-blood group antigens","volume":"86","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Huang, P., Jiang, B., Tan, M., Morrow, A.L., and Jiang, X. (2013). Poly-LacNAc as an age-specific ligand for rotavirus P[11] in neonates and infants. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0078113"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Sun, X., Guo, N., Li, J., Yan, X., He, Z., Li, D., Jin, M., Xie, G., Pang, L., and Zhang, Q. (2016). Rotavirus infection and histo-blood group antigens in the children hospitalized with diarrhea in China. Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu633","article-title":"Both Lewis and secretor status mediate susceptibility to rotavirus infections in a rotavirus genotype-dependent manner","volume":"59","author":"Nordgren","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.10.005","article-title":"Association of elevated rotavirus-specific antibody titers with HBGA secretor status in Swedish individuals: The FUT2 gene as a putative susceptibility determinant for infection","volume":"211","author":"Gunaydin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.7","article-title":"Dysbiosis and the immune system","volume":"17","author":"Levy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2959","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-017-2509-x","article-title":"Mechanisms and consequences of intestinal dysbiosis","volume":"74","author":"Weiss","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5588","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1500395","article-title":"Intestinal fucose as a mediator of host-microbe symbiosis","volume":"194","author":"Pickard","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1126\/science.273.5280.1380","article-title":"A model of host-microbial interactions in an open mammalian ecosystem","volume":"273","author":"Bry","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13823","article-title":"Rapid fucosylation of intestinal epithelium sustains host-commensal symbiosis in sickness","volume":"514","author":"Pickard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11623","article-title":"Fucose sensing regulates bacterial intestinal colonization","volume":"492","author":"Pacheco","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5465","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00822-07","article-title":"l-fucose stimulates utilization of d-ribose by Escherichia coli MG1655 DeltafucAO and E. coli Nissle 1917 DeltafucAO mutants in the mouse intestine and in M9 minimal medium","volume":"75","author":"Autieri","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7194","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1014125108","article-title":"l-fucose utilization provides Campylobacter jejuni with a competitive advantage","volume":"108","author":"Stahl","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12503","article-title":"Microbiota-liberated host sugars facilitate post-antibiotic expansion of enteric pathogens","volume":"502","author":"Ng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9713","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M807866200","article-title":"Recognition of blood group ABH type 1 determinants by the FedF adhesin of F18-fimbriated Escherichia coli","volume":"284","author":"Coddens","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2006.03.001","article-title":"Lactobacilli binding human A-antigen expressed in intestinal mucosa","volume":"157","author":"Uchida","year":"2006","journal-title":"Res. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wacklin, P., Tuimala, J., Nikkila, J., Sebastian, T., Makivuokko, H., Alakulppi, N., Laine, P., Rajilic-Stojanovic, M., Paulin, L., and de Vos, W.M. (2014). Faecal microbiota composition in adults is associated with the FUT2 gene determining the secretor status. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0094863"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19030","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1106408108","article-title":"Colonic mucosa-associated microbiota is influenced by an interaction of Crohn disease and FUT2 (Secretor) genotype","volume":"108","author":"Rausch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17059","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1306070110","article-title":"Genetically dictated change in host mucus carbohydrate landscape exerts a diet-dependent effect on the gut microbiota","volume":"110","author":"Kashyap","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45559","DOI":"10.1038\/srep45559","article-title":"Relevance of secretor status genotype and microbiota composition in susceptibility to rotavirus and norovirus infections in humans","volume":"7","author":"Buesa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wacklin, P., Makivuokko, H., Alakulppi, N., Nikkila, J., Tenkanen, H., Rabina, J., Partanen, J., Aranko, K., and Matto, J. (2011). Secretor genotype (FUT2 gene) is strongly associated with the composition of Bifidobacteria in the human intestine. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0020113"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, H., Wacklin, P., Nakphaichit, M., Loyttyniemi, E., Chowdhury, S., Shouche, Y., Matto, J., Isolauri, E., and Salminen, S. (2015). Secretor Status Is Strongly Associated with Microbial Alterations Observed during Pregnancy. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0134623"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2016.06.021","article-title":"Polysaccharide Degradation by the Intestinal Microbiota and Its Influence on Human Health and Disease","volume":"428","author":"Cockburn","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Watson, R.R., and Preedy, V.R. (2016). Intestinal Microbiota and Susceptibility to Viral Infections. Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-014-0039-8","article-title":"Probiotics and virulent human rotavirus modulate the transplanted human gut microbiota in gnotobiotic pigs","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut Pathog."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-005-0004-1","article-title":"Indigenous microbes and their soluble factors differentially modulate intestinal glycosylation steps in vivo. Use of a \u201clectin assay\u201d to survey in vivo glycosylation changes","volume":"124","author":"Freitas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Histochem. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2010.03.016","article-title":"Interaction of probiotics and pathogens--benefits to human health?","volume":"21","author":"Salminen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9441","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01060-13","article-title":"Histo-blood group antigen-like substances of human enteric bacteria as specific adsorbents for human noroviruses","volume":"87","author":"Miura","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rubio-del-Campo, A., Coll-Marques, J.M., Yebra, M.J., Buesa, J., Perez-Martinez, G., Monedero, V., and Rodriguez-Diaz, J. (2014). Noroviral P-particles as an in vitro model to assess the interactions of noroviruses with probiotics. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0089586"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almand, E.A., Moore, M.D., Outlaw, J., and Jaykus, L.A. (2017). Human norovirus binding to select bacteria representative of the human gut microbiota. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0173124"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(02)00356-5","article-title":"Interaction between probiotic lactic acid bacteria and canine enteric pathogens: A risk factor for intestinal Enterococcus faecium colonization?","volume":"92","author":"Rinkinen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1210718","article-title":"Successful transmission of a retrovirus depends on the commensal microbiota","volume":"334","author":"Kane","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"540","article-title":"Decreased pathogenicity of murine leukemia virus-Moloney in gnotobiotic mice","volume":"2","author":"Isaak","year":"1988","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1211057","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota promote enteric virus replication and systemic pathogenesis","volume":"334","author":"Kuss","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2013.12.004","article-title":"Bacterial lipopolysaccharide binding enhances virion stability and promotes environmental fitness of an enteric virus","volume":"15","author":"Robinson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell. Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.11.007","article-title":"Bacteria Facilitate Enteric Virus Co-infection of Mammalian Cells and Promote Genetic Recombination","volume":"23","author":"Erickson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1257147","article-title":"Enteric bacteria promote human and mouse norovirus infection of B cells","volume":"346","author":"Jones","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.00659","article-title":"Binding to histo-blood group antigen-expressing bacteria protects human norovirus from acute heat stress","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1258025","article-title":"Commensal microbes and interferon-\u03bb determine persistence of enteric murine norovirus infection","volume":"347","author":"Baldridge","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu037","article-title":"Antibiotic treatment suppresses rotavirus infection and enhances specific humoral immunity","volume":"210","author":"Uchiyama","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25017","DOI":"10.1038\/srep25017","article-title":"Enterobacter cloacae inhibits human norovirus infectivity in gnotobiotic pigs","volume":"6","author":"Lei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12621","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-12736-2","article-title":"Human intestinal organoids express histo-blood group antigens, bind norovirus VLPs, and support limited norovirus replication","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karst, S.M., and Wobus, C.E. (2015). A working model of how noroviruses infect the intestine. PLoS Pathog., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004626"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.4291\/wjgp.v6.i4.169","article-title":"Gastrointestinal dysbiosis and the use of fecal microbial transplantation in Clostridium difficile infection","volume":"6","author":"Schenck","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Gastrointest. Pathophysiol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-016-0136-y","article-title":"Modeling human enteric dysbiosis and rotavirus immunity in gnotobiotic pigs","volume":"8","author":"Twitchell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut Pathog."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Desselberger, U. (2017). Differences of Rotavirus Vaccine Effectiveness by Country: Likely Causes and Contributing Factors. Pathogens, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens6040065"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw518","article-title":"Significant Correlation Between the Infant Gut Microbiome and Rotavirus Vaccine Response in Rural Ghana","volume":"215","author":"Harris","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harris, V., Ali, A., Fuentes, S., Korpela, K., Kazi, M., Tate, J., Parashar, U., Wiersinga, W.J., Giaquinto, C., and de Weerth, C. (2017). Rotavirus vaccine response correlates with the infant gut microbiota composition in Pakistan. Gut Microbes.","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2017.1376162"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.11.031","article-title":"Influence of the intestinal microbiota on the immunogenicity of oral rotavirus vaccine given to infants in south India","volume":"36","author":"Parker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e016577","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-016577","article-title":"Impact of maternal antibodies and infant gut microbiota on the immunogenicity of rotavirus vaccines in African, Indian and European infants: Protocol for a prospective cohort study","volume":"7","author":"Sindhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sundin, O.H., Mendoza-Ladd, A., Zeng, M., Diaz-Ar\u00e9valo, D., Morales, E., Fagan, B.M., Ordo\u00f1ez, J., Velez, P., Antony, N., and McCallum, R.W. (2017). The human jejunum has an endogenous microbiota that differs from those in the oral cavity and colon. BMC Microbiol., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-017-1059-6"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3213","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2010.02294.x","article-title":"High temporal and inter-individual variation detected in the human ileal microbiota","volume":"12","author":"Booijink","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, H., and Ko, G. (2017). New perspectives regarding the antiviral effect of vitamin A on norovirus using modulation of gut microbiota. Gut Microbes.","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2017.1353842"}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/10\/2\/96\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T14:56:11Z","timestamp":1760194571000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/10\/2\/96"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,24]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]}},"alternative-id":["v10020096"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v10020096","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,24]]}}}